二：英譯漢實例分析

　　The Olympic Games are the greatest festival of sports in the world.

　　 1) Every four years, a hundred or more countries send their best sportsmen to compete for the highest honors in sport. As many as 6,000 people take part in over 20 sports. For the winners, there are gold medals and glory. But there is honor, too, for all who compete, win or lose. That is in spirit of the Olympics--- to take part is what matters.

　　The Olympic Games always start in a bright color and action. The teams of all the nations parade in the opening ceremony and march round the track. The custom is for the Greek team to march in first . For it was in Greece that the Olympics began.

　　2) The team of the country where the Games are being held---the host country ----marches in last. The runner with the Olympic torch then enters the stadium and lights the flame.

　　3) A sportsman from the host country takes the Olympic oath on behalf of all the competitors. The judges and officials also take an oath. After the sportsmen march out of the stadium, the host country puts on a wonderful display.

　　The competitors begin the next day. There are usually more than twenty sports in the Games. The rule is that there must be at least fifteen. The main events are in track and field , but it is a few days before these sports start. Each day the competitors take part in a different sport ---riding, shooting, swimming, and cross-country running. Points are gained for each event.

　　4) Medals are awarded for the individual winners and for national teams.

　　 5) More and more women are taking part in the games. They first competed in 1900, in tennis and golf, which are no longer held in the Olympics. Women’s swimming events were introduced in 1912. But it was not until 1928 that there were any track and field events for women. Now they compete in all but half a dozen of the sports. In horse riding, shooting, and boat racing, they may compete in the same events as the men.

　　6) Every land has its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6;30,the hostess expects him to be there at 6:30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because she usually does her own cooking , she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come.

　　 7) If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed. When the guest cannot come on time, he calls his host or hostess on the telephone, gives the reason, and tells at what time he thinks he can come.

　　As guests continue to arrive, the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman.

　　8) A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older.

　　9） When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them. Even an American may be confused by the number of knives, forks, and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner. The rule is simple, however: use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does.

　　10)The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, which is often served with the soup. The spoon on the outside at the right is for soup, and so on. Sometimes there is a separate little knife, called a butter spreader, on a small bread-and –butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed , each guest puts his piece on the bread-and butter plate.

　　第二部分為漢譯英

　　一、漢譯英應(yīng)試技巧

　　1、翻譯的基本方法：直譯與意譯

　　首先應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，直譯不是死譯，而是指基本保留原有句子結(jié)構(gòu)，照字面意思翻譯。例如：Our friends are all over the world是直譯，而We have friends all over the world就是意譯。直譯以嚴格意義上的忠實為宗旨，意譯則更多考慮英語的特點。總之，選擇直譯還是意譯，應(yīng)該根據(jù)文章具體需要而定，兩種譯法可以并用。

　　2、翻譯的變通手段

　　翻譯時不能簡單地或機械地逐字照譯，硬湊成英文，必須認真分析上下文，掌握詞的確切含義，然后用適當(dāng)?shù)挠⑽谋磉_，必要時需要變換一些詞，如“小記者”譯成teenage reporter，“緊急報告”譯成SOS，“深感憂慮”譯成deeply concerned等，都是采用了變通手段。

　　1、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

　　詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是翻譯中常見的手段，通過詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換可以突破原文的句式，引起句法的轉(zhuǎn)換，如“近來，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)感冒可以通過人的手傳染”可譯為Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts.原文中的“發(fā)現(xiàn)”是動詞，而譯文根據(jù)上下文的需要，靈活地把動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞discoveries。

　　2、增詞、減詞

　　譯文的增詞、減詞都是為了更確切、更忠實地表達原文的含義和精神。譯文中添加一些原文沒有的詞句，表面上看似不忠實，但仔細分析就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這些增加的詞句所表達的意思并非無中生有，而是隱含在原文中的。減詞是在不影響原意的情況下省略無關(guān)緊要的詞語，避免拖泥帶水。如“感冒可以通過人的手傳染”可以譯為flu can be spread by hand contacts，其中的contacts就是根據(jù)譯文需要添加上的。而“百姓出現(xiàn)做飯點燈難現(xiàn)象”中的“現(xiàn)象”一詞可以省略，只譯成people do not even have matches to light their stoves就足以表達原文中的信息。

　　二、漢譯英的基本程序

　　做漢譯英時一般應(yīng)經(jīng)過以下步驟：

　　1、理解句子的意思。
　　2、根據(jù)意思選擇句子結(jié)構(gòu)，搭起基本框架；選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯和表達手段，特別要按英語的表達邏輯來調(diào)整語句。如“雖然…但是”，在譯成英文時不能譯成Although…but…,而只能譯成Although he is poor, he is well contented.“他雖窮卻能知足常樂�！�
　　3、最后審校。這是不可缺少的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，而且在最后審校時一定要對照原句，這樣才能檢查出譯文在理解和表達上有什么問題，是否有錯譯和漏譯，以便及時改正。

　　三、實例分析：

　　1、這封信必須交給威爾遜本人。
The letter is to be handed to Doctor Wilson himself.
（首先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)：它是一個含有被動語態(tài)的簡單句，另外要注意謂語動詞“必須交給”如何表達。）
　　2、主席建議這個問題下次再議。
The chairman proposed that the matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting.
（首先分析句子：這是一個含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句。主句中用了propose一詞，因此賓語從句要用虛擬語氣。然后確定時態(tài)為過去將來時的被動語態(tài)。）
　　3、不言而喻，青年人的教育對于一個國家的未來是至關(guān)重要的。
It is self-evident that the education of the young is vital to the future of a country.
（此句是一個形式主語從句，it is self-evident that 是一個常用的句型，另一個重要的短語是be vital to 對…是重要的，關(guān)鍵的。）
　　4、千萬別說可能會被別人誤解的話。
Be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood
（此句是一個祈使句的否定句。還有兩個重要的短語：be sure to do sth,一定做…,be capable of donging sth：有能力做…。）
　　5、我們彼此相識剛好一年。
It is /has been just a year since we got to know each other.
(這句涉及到動詞的完成時，因為“know”是非延續(xù)性動詞，因此常用從句it is…since 的句型，前面我們已經(jīng)講過。)
　　6、一輛卡車駛進了積雪覆蓋的操場。
A truck pulled into the snow-covered playground of the school.
　　7、她剛收到兒子的來信，大大減輕了她的憂慮。
A letter from her son, which had just been delivered to her, greatly relieved her anxiety.(注意非限定性定語從句被動語態(tài)的使用。)
　　8、每月一定要留出足夠的錢，這樣你就能買下學(xué)期的教科書了。
Be sure to set aside enough money each month so that you can buy the textbooks for the next term.(此句是祈使句，而且含有結(jié)果狀語從句。)
　　9、盡管困難重重，我們?nèi)詻Q心執(zhí)行我們的計劃。
In spite of all the difficulties, we are determined to carry out our plan.
(兩個重要的短語：in spite of 和be determined to do sth)　　
　　10、眾所周知，我們的許多問題至少部分是由于沒能交流思想而引起的。
It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communicate.（it is well known句型的使用。）