國際商務師業(yè)務外語輔導：WTO是什么？
來源：育路網(wǎng)發(fā)布時間：2009-03-23 09:13:47
一、世界貿(mào)易組織ABC:
什么是世界貿(mào)易組織？
What’s the World Trade Organization?
答：世界貿(mào)易組織是世界上獨一無二的處理國家之間貿(mào)易規(guī)則的世界性組織，其核心是世貿(mào)協(xié)議。
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations. And its heart are the WTO agreements.
其目的有三：
1.使貿(mào)易盡可能的自由流動；
2.作為一個貿(mào)易談判的論壇;
3.爭端解決。
WTO has three main purposes:
1. To help trade flow as freely as possible
2. To serve as a forum for trade negotiations
3. To settle disputes
其原則有五：
1.非歧視；(without discrimination)
2.更自由；(freer)
3.可預見；(predictable)
4.更具競爭性；(more competitive)
5.更利于欠發(fā)達國家. (more beneficial for less developed countries)
WTO的組織結構是怎樣的？
部長級大會
Ministerial Conference
總理事會
General Council
委員會 貨物貿(mào)易理事會 與貿(mào)易有關的知識產(chǎn)權理事會 服務貿(mào)易理事會
Committees Council for Trade Council for Trade-Related Council for Trade on in Goods Aspects of Intellectual in Services
關于：Property Rights
貿(mào)易與環(huán)境，
trade and environment
貿(mào)易與發(fā)展, 等
Trade and Development
諸邊協(xié)議
Plurilaterals
注：總理事會其實是"三位一體"，即貿(mào)易政策審議機構、爭端解決機構和總理事會。
GATT和WTO的區(qū)別在哪里？
答：主要區(qū)別在于：
The main differences：
關貿(mào)總協(xié)定是臨時的。從未得到成員立法機構的批準，也未包括創(chuàng)立一個機構的條款。
GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in member’s parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization.
世界貿(mào)易組織及世貿(mào)協(xié)議是永久性的。作為一個國際組織，世界貿(mào)易組織由于成員的立法機構批準了世貿(mào)協(xié)議，且世貿(mào)協(xié)議本身描述了世貿(mào)的運作方式，因而有了很好的法律基礎。
The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function.
世貿(mào)有"成員"。關貿(mào)總協(xié)定有"締約方"，強調(diào)了關貿(mào)總協(xié)定正式而言是一個法律文本。
The WTO has "members". GATT had "contracting parties", underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
關貿(mào)總協(xié)定管的是貨物貿(mào)易，世貿(mào)還管服務貿(mào)易和知識產(chǎn)權。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世貿(mào)爭端解決體系較關貿(mào)總協(xié)定更迅速，更主動，其裁決不受阻撓。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
二、WTO小知識點：
國民待遇---給予外國人和本國人一樣的待遇。
National treatment---giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals
諸邊協(xié)議---指幾個世貿(mào)成員之間，而非全體成員之間簽署的協(xié)議，如《民用航空器協(xié)議》( Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft)和《政府采購協(xié)議》 (Agreement on Government Procurement)。
Plurilaterals---signed by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO歷任總干事：
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland (Ireland) GATT 1993-1994; WTO 1995
彼得·薩瑟蘭 （愛爾蘭），1993-1994年（GATT）,1995年（WTO）
Renato Ruggiero (Italy) 1995-1999
雷納托·魯杰羅 （意大利） 1995-1999年
Director General in office: Mike Moore (New Zealand) 1999-2001
現(xiàn)任： 邁克·穆爾 （新西蘭） 1999－2001年
綜合支持總量---是計算成員對于農(nóng)業(yè)支持量（這種支持是要削減的）的一種計算方法,算出他們在1986-1988年基期，每年給農(nóng)業(yè)部門的支持量。發(fā)達國家同意從1995年起，用6年時間將這些數(shù)字減少20%。發(fā)展中國家用10年時間削減13%。最不發(fā)達國家不用削減。
"Total aggregate measurement of support" or "Total AMS"--- a measurement calculating how much support is provided to the agricultural sector per year in the base years of 1986-1988. Developed countries have agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries are making 13% cuts over 10 years. Least developed countries do not need to make any cuts.
微量支持(de minimis support)---
WTO成員對于農(nóng)業(yè)的一種支持，屬黃箱(yellow box)政策，不用被削減。因為它對農(nóng)業(yè)的影響很小。據(jù)世貿(mào)的《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)定》(Agreement on Agriculture)對于發(fā)達國家而言，微量支持水平(de minimis level)為不超過一種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)總值的5%，對于非特定產(chǎn)品支持，為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值的5%；對于發(fā)展中國家，微量支持水平的最大值是10% 。
育路編輯提醒您：
