2011高考英語寫作名師指導(dǎo)
寫作是英語詞匯、語法和使用英語諸方面能力的真實(shí)反應(yīng)。高考中的書面表達(dá)是一種有控制的寫作（controlled writing），或稱有指導(dǎo)的作文 （guided composition）。隨著近年來學(xué)生英語水平的提高，高考書面表達(dá)的要求也在不斷提高。五年前可以得20分的作文，現(xiàn)在連15分也得不上了。因此，考生必須重視書面表達(dá)的備考與應(yīng)試。
一、 好作文的具體要求2011全國將有20套左右高考試題，書面表達(dá)題的測試形式和所占分?jǐn)?shù)也各有不同。但一般的要求是：根據(jù)所給情景，寫一篇100個單詞左右的書面材料；情景包括目的、對象、時間、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容等，提供情景的形式有圖畫、圖表、提綱、短文等。書面表達(dá)的要求是：切中題意；語言準(zhǔn)確，得當(dāng)；條理清楚。
好的作文應(yīng)達(dá)到以下幾點(diǎn)（多數(shù)省市要求寫一篇短文，計(jì)分25分）：1.要點(diǎn)全面、表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確、語句連貫，符合交際要求。
2.能用書寫體熟練清楚地書寫，格式、連筆、詞距、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確。
3.書寫格式、行文及禮貌用語等無嚴(yán)重錯誤。
4.基本語法和常用句型無嚴(yán)重錯誤，意思表達(dá)清楚。
5.恰當(dāng)使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)、新穎詞匯和順暢連接。
二、 試評學(xué)生真實(shí)高考作文得分以下是兩篇從高考學(xué)生考卷中選取的作文。請你根據(jù)參考答案和評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，自己給它們評個分?jǐn)?shù)，這對你了解高考作文的具體要求非常有好處。
試題：（2007年北京試卷）假設(shè)你是李華，要給英國筆友Harry寫封信，介紹你班兩位同學(xué)競選班長的過程。請按下圖順序描述。（20分）
注意：1.信的開頭已為你寫好。2.詞數(shù)不少于60.提示詞：競選班長monitor election（二）評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：第一檔：（18分~20分）。完全完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)：覆蓋了所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；運(yùn)用了多樣的句式和豐富的詞匯；語法或用詞方面有個別錯誤；有效地使用了語句間的連接成分。
第二檔：（15分~17分）。完全完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)：覆蓋了所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；運(yùn)用的句式和詞匯能滿足要求；語法和用詞基本準(zhǔn)確；使用了簡單的語句間連接成分，所寫內(nèi)容連貫。
第三檔：（12分~14分）�；就瓿闪嗽囶}規(guī)定的任務(wù)：覆蓋了內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；運(yùn)用的句式和詞匯基本滿足任務(wù)要求；語法和用詞方面有一些錯誤，但不影響理解。
第四檔：（6分~11分）。 未恰當(dāng)完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)：漏掉或未描述清楚主要內(nèi)容；所用句式和詞匯有限；語法或用詞方面的錯誤影響了對所寫內(nèi)容的理解。未能清楚地傳達(dá)信息。
第五檔：（1分~5分）。未完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)：明顯遺漏主要內(nèi)容；句式單調(diào)、詞匯貧乏；語法錯誤較多 .第六檔：0分。未能傳達(dá)任何信息；所寫內(nèi)容與要求無關(guān)。
（三）參考答案： One possible version：How are things going？
Last Monday， our class held a monitor election. This was our first election， so everyone was excited. Two of my classmates took part in the race； Liu Dong and Wang Hong. They each gave a speech telling us what they would do when they were elected. Then we voted for the monitor. The result was 28 to 15 in Wang Hong‘s favor. Wang Hong became our new monitor. The whole class cheered for her， and she promised to do the best she could for us all. Best wishes，Li Hua（四）學(xué)生的作文：（1）______分Last Monday， an exciting monitor election was held in my class. The two candidates are Liu Dong and Wang Hong. In the beginning of the election， each of them gave a speech to us and talked about the future plan. Then the most exciting moment came. Every student stood up and walked to the election box to cast a vote to his/her ideal monitor. I thought Wang Hong was well qualified for this position. So I wrote down her name and put my note into the box. Several minutes later， the final result came. Compared to Liu Dong’s 15 votes， Wang Hong got 28 votes and became or monitor. We all congratulated to Wang Hong and believed that she would serve our class heart and soul in the future. What about the monitor election in your class？ I hope that I will receive your reply soon.
（ 2 ）______分
Last Monday， we had a monitor election. At the beginning the two candidates， LiuDong and Wang Hong gave us a speech introducing themselves and telling us their plans in the future. Then we had a vote. We wrote down the name of the better one in our mind and put the paper in a box. Then the exciting time came that our teacher counted the number and wrote it on the blackboard. The result was that 28 students who voted Wang Hong， 13 more than the number of students who voted LiuDong， which meaned WangHong was elected as our monitor. Wang is really pretty good. I believe she will be a good monitor.
（五）得分與啟示
第一篇得分：19分；第二篇得分：13分。
啟示：
1.第一篇得了高分是因?yàn)樵撐膬?nèi)容要點(diǎn)全，符合交際要求、語言地道，有復(fù)雜句式，順暢連接和準(zhǔn)確用語。
2.第二篇得了三檔的分?jǐn)?shù)是因?yàn)樵撐碾m然內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)齊全，但語言功底不夠，句式平庸，只會一般詞匯，且有一定語言錯誤。
3.考生要想得一個高分就一定要注意內(nèi)容要全，連接要順暢，句式要有變化，符合交際要求。
三、書面表達(dá)應(yīng)試要領(lǐng)
1.第一步是仔細(xì)審題。重點(diǎn)注意內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，寫作對象和交際目的。
2.要寫草稿，實(shí)在沒時間也要寫一個提綱。
3.確定好時態(tài)。轉(zhuǎn)述別人觀點(diǎn)常用現(xiàn)在時。記敘經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事用一般現(xiàn)在時，描寫過去發(fā)生的事用過去時。
4.不出現(xiàn)中文，不用漢語拼音。不生造中國式的英語。要用你聽過的話來說，用你讀過的句子來寫。
5.第一句很重要，不要輕易下筆。尾句部分容易出錯，要留意。
6.為防止遺漏內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，可在原題上標(biāo)出記號。
7.幾個必要的連詞一定要用，或順接、或轉(zhuǎn)折、或讓步、或比較。
8.寫記敘文，注意六個要素：who， where， when， why， how and the result.
9.議論文，注意論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)一致。還要注意是讓你寫一方觀點(diǎn)還是介紹對立的兩種觀點(diǎn)。
10.應(yīng)用文主要是寫信或通知，告知活動安排。一般按時間順序?qū)懕容^穩(wěn)妥。
11.試卷注意部分給出的參考詞匯應(yīng)盡量用上，不要自作主張忽略不用。
12.詞匯的閃光之處即不要重復(fù)你在本文中用過的和大家都可能用的。全是簡單句得不了好分。要用新穎的詞匯傳達(dá)最通俗的信息。
13.采用多變的句式，如被動句式、定語從句，with加復(fù)合賓語以及倒裝句等。
14.有時候閱讀題中的句型可以稍加改造，抄來用在自己的作文中。
15.字?jǐn)?shù)一般應(yīng)稍多于試題的最低要求，但不宜過長，因?yàn)檠远嘤惺А?/p>
16.寫完后要檢查復(fù)核，重點(diǎn)看動詞的使用。最好是寫完作文后先查查別的題型，因?yàn)樽约簞倢懲甑臇|西馬上檢查常�？床怀鰡栴}。
四、書面表達(dá)提高措施
（一）幾個小建議
1.經(jīng)常寫隨筆，每日三五句。出點(diǎn)錯誤也沒什么。
2.背誦小短文或漂亮句子，多多益善。
3.最好的練習(xí)材料就是近幾年各地的高考試題。練習(xí)時，先看題，自己寫，寫完后看答案，根據(jù)答案，修正自己的作文。但注意不要過多修正，要保持自己作文的原貌，每次只改動3~4個地方即可。
4.初學(xué)寫作多寫記敘文。
5.抄寫短文，會使自己擺脫中文式的英文，可練習(xí)抄寫新概念第二冊。
6.多聽、多說、多讀對寫作的提高至關(guān)重要。
（二）背會20個連接詞語
1. to tell the truth；2. last but not least；3. on the contrary；4. that is；5. believe it or not； 6. so far as I know；7. in the middle of； 8. next to；9. in addition； 10. in general；11. in short；12. so long as；13. to begin with；14. in case；15. what‘s more； 16. as a matter of fact；17. on the other hand；18. as a result； 19. generally speaking； 20. in my opinion
（三）熟練運(yùn)用30個基礎(chǔ)句型
最基本句型5個：
1. 主語+謂語 The story happened yesterday.
2. 主語+謂語+賓語 They study English.
3. 主語+系動詞+表語 They are from London.
4. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語 She made Tom stand there.
5.主語+謂語+雙賓語 I gave Tom a book.
對比議論：
1.我同意這個計(jì)劃。I am in favor of the plan.
2.我們認(rèn)為這不是個好計(jì)劃。We don‘t think it is a good plan.
3.在我看來，它不值得做。It seems to me it is not worth doing.
4. 學(xué)生們的觀點(diǎn)不一致。Opinions are divided among the students.
5. 有人認(rèn)為它好，而別人認(rèn)為不好。Some think it is good， while others believe it is poor.
圖畫圖表說明：
1.這幅圖畫描寫了我們的學(xué)校生活。This is a picture of our school life.
2.有一個男孩站在那兒。There is a boy standing there.
3.百分之八十的學(xué)生喜歡校服。Eighty percent of the students like school uniforms.
4.三分之一的學(xué)生住得離學(xué)校近。One third of the students live near their school.
5.自從1990年以來汽車的數(shù)量翻了一番。The number of cars has doubled since 1990.
地方介紹
1.學(xué)校中央有一座教學(xué)樓。There is a classroom building in the middle of the school.
2.樓的南邊有一個游泳池。A swimming pool is to the south of the building.
3.樓的后面有許多樹。There are many trees behind the building.
4.樓的對面是宿舍。Opposite the building is a dorm.
5.宿舍的旁邊是食堂。Beside the dorm lies the dining hall.
人物介紹
1. 他和別人很好相處。He can get along well with others easily.
2.他被認(rèn)為是最好的學(xué)生之一。He is regarded as one of the best students.
3.他閑暇時經(jīng)常聽音樂。He usually listens to music in his spare time.
4.他畢業(yè)于第八中學(xué)。He graduated from No. 8 Middle School.
5.他曾獲英語競賽第一名。He once got the first place in the English competition.
活動安排
1.我們早上7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。We will gather at the school gate at seven in the morning.
2.我們將乘公共汽車去。We will go there by bus.
3.在那兒的飯店吃午飯。Lunch will be served in the restaurant there.
4.我們下午5點(diǎn)才能回到學(xué)校。We won‘t return to our school until 5：00 p.m.
5.我將全程陪同。I will be in your company all the way.
敘述事件
1.故事發(fā)生在倫敦。The story happened in London.
2.起初，他沒看見那個人。At first， he didn‘t see the man.
3.然后，他走到汽車那兒。Then he went over to the bus.
4.過了一會兒，他上了小汽車。After a little while， he got on the car.
5.最后，他被捕了。In the end， he was arrested.
（四）背會20個高考范文例句
寫人
1. I'm Wang Shan， a girl of sixteen， presently attending Beijing Yangguang Middle School.
2. I‘m ready to give help whenever it is needed.
3. He is such a learned person that we all admire hem very much.
4. I think I'm fit for the job.
寫地點(diǎn)
1.It‘s a small flat of 25 square meters， with a bedroom， a bathroom and a kitchen.
2.Our hotel stands 500 meters away from the entrance to Baishan Mountain.
3.On the other side， where the playground used to be， now stands another building —— our library.
寫事
1. Last night I was preparing for the coming examination when the noise from my neighbor interrupted me.
2. Hearing this， a few people began to run after him.
3.The time passed quickly. Before we knew it， we had to say goodbye to the workers.
表達(dá)理由觀點(diǎn)或討論結(jié)果
1. However， other students are against the idea， saying that the Beijing Zoo， built in 1906， has a history of 100 years， and is well known at home and abroad.
2. Personally， I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise.
3. As we all know， a good learning environment is vital if we want to study English well.
數(shù)據(jù)與圖表說明
1. As is shown on Chart 2， only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities.
2. Chart 1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different after-class activities.
3.Only seven percent of the students are most interested in reading articles about learning methods.
寫信和寫通知
1. I am writing to you about the mobile phone I bought on April 20th.
2. If there is anything I can do for you， I will be more than glad to help.
3. Thank you very much in advance.
4. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
（五）背會六篇高考范文
1.對比議論類（05全國I）假設(shè)你是李華，最近國內(nèi)一家英文報(bào)紙正在討論北京動物園是否應(yīng)遷出市區(qū)。以下是你所在班級討論的情況。請你給該報(bào)寫一封信。
2.數(shù)字圖表類（04北京）某學(xué)校對中學(xué)生課余活動進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，結(jié)果如下。請根據(jù)圖表1提供的信息描述學(xué)生每天的課余活動，并針對圖表2中任何一個數(shù)據(jù)中反映的情況寫出你的一個看法。詞數(shù)不少于60.
3.地點(diǎn)介紹（06全國）假定你是李華，應(yīng)英國朋友Bob的要求，寫一封短信介紹你校圖書館的基本情況。內(nèi)容須包括下面兩幅圖中的相關(guān)信息。
4.人物類（06北京）國際文化交流中心將組織一次由各國學(xué)生參加的“和平，友愛”夏令營活要求報(bào)名者提交英文個人簡介。假設(shè)你是王珊，請根據(jù)下列信息寫一篇個人簡介。
5.活動安排（08年全國卷Ⅱ）學(xué)習(xí)中文的各項(xiàng)活動安排。
6.記敘文 （08年天津卷） 記敘乘地鐵時遇到的一件事。
（六）避免常見錯誤
1. My mother work in a school. （works）
2. They are worker. （workers）
3. My aunt worked hard and he was busy. （she ）
4. His parents are all from London. （ both ）
5. They get up early yesterday. （got ）
（七）掌握地道的英語 （括號中的句子更好）
1. My money is very little. （I have little money.）
2. My money is more than yours.（I have more money than you.）
3. People in my family are more than those in yours.
（There are more people in my family than in yours.）
4. I teach better than he. （I am a better teacher than you.）
5. I think the plan is not good.（I don‘t think the plan is good.）
（八）學(xué)會變換句型
1.I was too excited to go to sleep.
I was so excited that I couldn‘t go to sleep. （用從句替換）
They got married five years ago.
They have been married for five years. （用完成時替換）
3.He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.
He got up early so as to catch the first bus. （用不定式替換）
4.Try again and you will succeed.
If you try again， you will succeed. （用條件句替換）
5.I am sorry I missed the bus.
I wish I had caught the bus. （用虛擬語氣替換
(責(zé)任編輯：李書信)
特別說明：由于各省份高考政策等信息的不斷調(diào)整與變化，育路高考網(wǎng)所提供的所有考試信息僅供考生及家長參考，敬請考生及家長以權(quán)威部門公布的正式信息為準(zhǔn)。
