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高考英語(yǔ)試卷中“what”的特殊用法分析

2008-12-15 16:15:24 來(lái)源:

what在英語(yǔ)中是個(gè)很常用的詞。我們知道它能用作疑問(wèn)詞,引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句,在句中做主語(yǔ)﹑表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);又能用作連接代詞(或復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞),引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句﹑表語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)從句;還能用作疑問(wèn)形容詞,只作定語(yǔ)并可表示感嘆。對(duì)于這些常規(guī)的用法本文就不一一贅述,現(xiàn)就what在高中英語(yǔ)中的某些特殊用法歸納如下:

1. what = just as,意為“恰像,猶如,好比”用作連詞,引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。

⑴ 慣用句式是:A is to B what C is to D. 意為“A對(duì)B而言正如C對(duì)D一樣”例如:

① Air is to us what water is to fish. 空氣對(duì)于我們猶如水對(duì)于魚(yú)。(介詞to 表示兩者的關(guān)系)

⑵ 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如:

② Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 廚師離不了家禽正如畫(huà)家離不開(kāi)畫(huà)布一樣。(介詞for表示“供…使用”)

⑶ what 引導(dǎo)的從句也可以放在句首,其句式是:What C is to D,that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)

在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,喻體在前,主體在后,相當(dāng)于“just as…,so…”結(jié)構(gòu),意思也是“A對(duì)B而言正如C對(duì)D一樣”例如:

What blood vessel is to a man's body,that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ,so Railway is to transportation.)

鐵路對(duì)于運(yùn)輸,好比血管對(duì)于人體一樣。

2. what 與do with連用,意為“(怎樣)處理﹑安排或?qū)Ω兜取。what常有較靈活的翻譯,常用結(jié)構(gòu)是:“what …do with sth./sb.?”或“what to do with sth./sb.” 例如:

① What will you do with the letter? 你將把那封信怎樣處理?

② The kids do not know what to do with themselves on rainy days.

孩子們不知道雨天干什么好。

注意:do with 與deal with同義,但搭配不同:do with只能與what搭配,而deal with可與不同的疑問(wèn)詞搭配。比較:

③ How will you deal with the letter?你將那封信怎樣處理?

④ You may have some idea of what the astronauts have to deal with if you try to drink a glass of water while standing on your head or while just lying down.

如果你試著倒立著或僅以躺著的姿勢(shì)去喝水,就能大致體會(huì)得到宇航員必須應(yīng)付什么了。

3. 問(wèn)價(jià)格﹑度量﹑速度、人口﹑面積﹑門(mén)牌(汽車(chē)﹑電話等)號(hào)碼等時(shí),只能用what提問(wèn),不能用how much提問(wèn)。例如:

① What is the cost(price)of the gold watch?這塊金表多少錢(qián)?

② What is the speed of the car?車(chē)速是多少?

③ What is the length(width﹑depth)of the lake?這湖有多長(zhǎng)(寬、深)?

④ What is the population(area)of China?中國(guó)的人口(面積)有多少(大)?

⑤ What money(cash) have you got? 你有多少錢(qián)(現(xiàn)金)?

⑥ What is your telephone (car、room)number?

你的電話(汽車(chē)﹑房間)號(hào)碼是多少?

4.“What is …like?”的兩種含義。

⑴ 表示“情況怎樣”,多指天氣或氣候。例如:

① What is the weather like today?今天天氣怎樣?

② What is the climate like there?那里的氣候怎樣?

⑵ 表示“像什么樣,什么模樣,怎樣的” 指人或事物。例如:

③ What is the camel like ?駱駝是什么樣子的?

④ — What is your teacher like?— She is very kind and beautiful.

“你老師是怎樣一個(gè)人?”——“她既善良又美麗。”

⑤ What will life be like in the future ? 未來(lái)的生活是什么樣子呢?

注意:“What is…like?”通常用于對(duì)某人、某地和某物的實(shí)際情況提問(wèn),包括對(duì)其內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)或外在的特征(或持久的特征)提問(wèn)。而“How is … like?”是就某人、某地和某物的外觀詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方的看法,可以用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)變化的事物,如暫時(shí)的情況,情緒等,還常用來(lái)問(wèn)候別人的健康。如:

⑥ How is your work these days?? 近來(lái)你的工作情況如何?

⑦ How is he? 他近況如何?? (他身體近來(lái)怎么樣?)

比較:What does she look like?她是什么模樣?(What… look like?只能指外表 )

5.“What do you think of…?”用于詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方對(duì)……的看法或評(píng)價(jià)。例如:

① What do you think of the idea?你認(rèn)為這個(gè)主意怎樣?

② What did you think of that film?你對(duì)那場(chǎng)電影評(píng)價(jià)如何?

注意:“ What do you think of…?”是慣用搭配,不能改為“How do you think of…?”。但我們可以說(shuō):How do you feel about the idea(that film)?或者How do you like the idea(that film)?

6.what 用作復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞時(shí),既可指代人又可指代物。例如:

① China is no longer what it used to be? 中國(guó)已不是過(guò)去的中國(guó)。

② She is what you call a “bluestocking”。 她就是你說(shuō)的“女才子”。

③ She is not what she was five years ago. 她不再是5年前的她了。

7. what從句可用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。例如:

① We will make the factory twice what it is today. 我們將使工廠比現(xiàn)在規(guī)模增加一倍。(句中的twice what it is today是動(dòng)詞make的賓語(yǔ)the factory的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))

② Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh. 地心吸引力使人稱(chēng)得現(xiàn)有的重量(句中的第一個(gè)what到句末為表語(yǔ)從句;句末的what you weigh 是說(shuō)明前面的動(dòng)詞weigh,系回答how much 的問(wèn)題,作狀語(yǔ))

8.像how和why一樣,what可以用作名詞。例如:

①? Please explain to us how and why,since you know what. 既然你想出一個(gè)好辦法,請(qǐng)給我們解釋清楚解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法和理由。

②? By asking why,how and what if,curious minds find new ideas and solutions.

通過(guò)刨根問(wèn)底,提出假設(shè),富有求知欲的天才人物想出了新主意,找出了解決問(wèn)題的新辦法。

9.與what連用的常用句型和詞組

⑴ What if…?What will or would happen if…?如果(假如)…將會(huì)怎么樣?例如:

① What if it is true?如果這是真的又怎么樣?

② What if a storm should come up?萬(wàn)一發(fā)生暴風(fēng)雨怎么辦?

⑵ what with:because of ;as a result of;因?yàn);由于……的結(jié)果;例如:

③ What with overwork and (what with)so little sleep,she fell ill.

一半由于工作過(guò)度的勞累,一半由于睡眠不足,她病倒了。

④ She has been depressed,what with losing her job and having to move.

她由于丟了工作還要搬家而感到沮喪。

⑶ and what not :and so on ;etc;以及各種其它東西;諸如此類(lèi);等等;例如:

⑤ I bought sugar,tea,eggs,and what not. 我買(mǎi)了食糖、茶葉、雞蛋之類(lèi)的東西。

⑷ come what will(may)是固定搭配必須倒裝,意為“不管發(fā)生什么事”“不管怎樣”

⑥ Come what will (may),I will always stand by you.

不管發(fā)生什么事,我將永遠(yuǎn)支持你。

  (責(zé)任編輯:盧雁明)

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