定語(yǔ)從句

　　一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念 什么是定語(yǔ)從句?

　　例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.

　　用來(lái)修飾前面的名詞或者代詞的具有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子就叫著定語(yǔ)從句。有兩個(gè)必備的基本元素。一個(gè)是先行詞;一個(gè)是關(guān)系詞。

　　1.名詞或代詞做先行詞。

　　例：He laughs best who laughs last.

　　2.短語(yǔ)做先行詞。Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

　　3.用句子做先行詞。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

　　I am a student ，which you all know.

　　當(dāng)先行詞與關(guān)系詞被割裂時(shí)是如何表現(xiàn)的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off.

　　找先行詞的方法。反證法。把它帶進(jìn)去。哪一個(gè)是通順的，哪一個(gè)就是先行詞。

　　1. 翻譯定語(yǔ)從句。

　　2. 結(jié)合先行詞的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和位置特征在關(guān)系詞之前尋找與定語(yǔ)從句的意思的有邏輯關(guān)系相符合的詞。

　　二、定語(yǔ)從句里面的關(guān)系代詞的用法。

　　1.常用的關(guān)系代詞：which, that, who, whom。Whom現(xiàn)在用的很少。前面有介詞只能用which，不能用that。

　　2. 關(guān)系代詞在考試中的特殊情況。

　　What:1)它是子母同體。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞以及一個(gè)先行詞。What前面不應(yīng)該在出現(xiàn)先行詞。 如果前面已經(jīng)偶一個(gè)關(guān)系詞，就不能用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以這兒不能用what.

　　All---is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of life

　　A. what is the need

　　B. the things need

　　C. for our needs

　　D. that is need

　　2)what單獨(dú)使用，后面不加名詞。

　　例如：She is not what she used to be.

　　3)what 后面加名詞

　　例如：What money I have has been given to you.

　　1997年考題：______he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate

　　A. What little

　　B. So much

　　C. How much

　　D. So little

　　as

　　1. like

　　2. 作為

　　3. when

　　4. 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。即可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般式固定用法。如as…as, such…as

　　as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　例如：I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替換。

　　As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

　　as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　考試中往往考固定搭配。

　　例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.

　　than 作為關(guān)系代詞可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

　　More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure .

　　A.than B.that C.which D.as

　　特點(diǎn)：

　　1) than作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)詞在從句中一般必須做主語(yǔ)或者作賓語(yǔ)。

　　2) than 前面的主句必須要有比較級(jí)

　　3) 比較級(jí)所修飾的名詞就是than指代的對(duì)象

　　三、關(guān)系副詞

　　When引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。

　　1)先行詞必須是表示時(shí)間的名詞。

　　Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.

　　2)如何區(qū)分when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。用句子表示狀語(yǔ)就是狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.

　　從兩方面區(qū)分：

　　When 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句前一定有表示時(shí)間的名詞;When 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)語(yǔ)從句前沒(méi)有有表示時(shí)間的名詞。

　　從翻譯的角度看如果是引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以不翻譯。如果是狀語(yǔ)從句就必須翻譯成當(dāng)……時(shí)候。

　　When=on which

　　Where

　　where=in which

　　where引導(dǎo)的從句先行詞必須是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。例如：

　　I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.

　　先行詞表示地點(diǎn),不一定用where來(lái)引導(dǎo)。例如：

　　I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.

　　A.where I’dlike to visit

　　B.in which I’d like to visit

　　C.I most want to visit

　　D.thar I want to visit it most