2016考研英語(yǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人:就業(yè)市場(chǎng) 毫無(wú)余地

　　大家都知道，《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》中的文章一直很受考研英語(yǔ)出題人喜歡，頻頻出現(xiàn)在歷年的考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題中。所以，各位2016考研小伙伴們?cè)趥淇?016考研英語(yǔ)過(guò)程中，可以多看看經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人中的文章。文都考研每日給大家分享經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人中的文章，希望各位2016考研生跟文都考研一起學(xué)習(xí)。

　　Employment

　　就業(yè)市場(chǎng)

　　Zero tolerance

　　毫無(wú)余地

　　The problem with zero-hours contracts is not thatthey are too flexible

　　零時(shí)工合同的問(wèn)題可不是時(shí)間太靈活

　　BRITAIN'S flexible labour market was a boon duringthe economic slump, helping keep joblessness down and then, when the recovery began,allowing employment to rise. Yet one of its bendier bits is causing politicians to fret. EdMiliband, the leader of the Labour Party, has promised a crackdown on “zero-hours contracts” ifhe wins the next election. The government has launched a consultation.

　　英國(guó)靈活的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期間是一個(gè)福音，因?yàn)檫@既幫助壓低失業(yè)率,而且當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)開始復(fù)蘇又促進(jìn)就業(yè)。但其所帶來(lái)的一些福利卻讓政客們煩躁不安。工黨領(lǐng)袖埃德·米利班德承諾如果他贏得下次選舉，他將打擊“零時(shí)工合同”。政府也就打擊零時(shí)工合同的事項(xiàng)展開磋商。

　　Zero-hours contracts allow firms to employ workers for as few or as many hours as they need,with no prior notice. In theory, at least, people can refuse work. Fully 1.4m jobs were basedon these contracts in January 2014, according to a snapsho taken by the Office for NationalStatistics. That is just 4% of the total, but the share rises to a quarter in the hospitalitybusiness.

　　零時(shí)工合同政策允許在沒(méi)有事先通知的情況下雇傭工人工作，工作時(shí)間根據(jù)公司需求可長(zhǎng)可短。在理論上,至少人們可以拒絕工作。根據(jù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的統(tǒng)計(jì)，2014年1月，有140萬(wàn)個(gè)就業(yè)崗位是基于這種合約的。雖然只占總數(shù)的4%,但在酒店業(yè)務(wù)份額上，這種合同聘請(qǐng)的員工比例則有四分之一。

　　The contracts are useful for firms with erratic patterns of demand, such as hotels andrestaurants. They have also helped firms to expand during the recovery—allowing them totest new business lines before hiring permanent staff, who would be more costly to makeredundant if things went wrong.

　　零時(shí)工合同對(duì)酒店和餐館這樣不穩(wěn)定需求模式的行業(yè)十分有用。這些零時(shí)工合同幫助公司在經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇期擴(kuò)大規(guī)模，其方式是在雇傭固定員工之前測(cè)試應(yīng)聘者的業(yè)務(wù)水平。因?yàn)橐坏┕蛡蚬潭▎T工之后，這些員工出了問(wèn)題，裁員的代價(jià)會(huì)更高。

　　Flexibility suits some workers, too. According to one survey, 47% of those employed on zero-hours contracts were content to have no minimum contracted hours. Many of these workers arein full-time education. The ability to turn down work is important to students, who want torevise (or sit in the sun) at this time of year. Pensioners keen for a little extra income canoften live with the uncertainty of not having guaranteed hours.

　　靈活性對(duì)一些工人很適用。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，47%零時(shí)工合同雇傭工對(duì)沒(méi)有比較少工時(shí)限制很滿意，其中有很多人還在接受全日制教育。拒絕工作的能力對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要,因?yàn)樗麄兿胍�在每年的這個(gè)時(shí)候復(fù)習(xí)(或者曬太陽(yáng))�？释�得到一點(diǎn)額外的收入的養(yǎng)老金領(lǐng)取者也可以在沒(méi)有固定工作時(shí)間這種不確定的情況下游刃有余。

　　Yet that leaves more than a quarter of workers on zero-hours contracts who say they areunhappy with their conditions. Some of this is cyclical. During recessions, a dearth ofpermanent positions forces people into jobs with no contracted hours even if they do not wantthem (the government has just said that unemployed people who refuse to accept zero-hourscontracts could be cut off from benefits). Underemployment is particularly prevalent amongthese workers, 35% of whom would like more hours compared with 12% in other jobs. As theeconomy recovers, many should be able to renegotiate their contracts or find permanent jobs.

　　然而,超過(guò)四分之一的零時(shí)工合同工說(shuō)他們不滿意他們的工作條件。有些不滿是周期性的。在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期間,永久職位的缺乏迫使人們即使在不情愿的情況下也要選擇沒(méi)有合同時(shí)間的工作(政府剛剛說(shuō)拒絕接受零時(shí)工合同的失業(yè)者有可能再也得不到好處)。這些工人中，失業(yè)情況尤其普遍,這些人中有35%想工作更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，而從事其他工作的人中只有12%想工作更久。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇,許多人能夠重新協(xié)商合同或找到固定工作。

　　But the recovery will not cause unwanted zero-hours contracts to disappear. Some workerswill never have much negotiating power: they are constrained by geography, familycommitments and lack of competition for their skills among a small number of big employers.Zero-hours contracts make it easier for employers to abuse their labour-market power. Someuse them to avoid statutory obligations such as sick and maternity pay. Workers are penalisedfor not being available when requested. And some contracts contain exclusivity clauses whichprevent workers from taking additional jobs. These can harm other employers as well asworkers, and actually reduce labour market flexibility. That, at least, is worth doing away with.

　　但經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇不會(huì)造成不必要的零時(shí)工合同消失。一些工人永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有太多的談判資本: 在少量的大雇主面前，他們受到了地理、家庭承諾和技能競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力等各方面限制。零時(shí)工合同使雇主能夠更容易地濫用勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的力量。一些雇主用它來(lái)避免病假工資和產(chǎn)假工資等法定義務(wù)。工人們正在因?yàn)橹�前需要他們時(shí)沒(méi)有及時(shí)到位而受到懲罰。一些合同還包含排他性條款，防止工人從事其他工作。這些既可以傷害其他雇主，也會(huì)傷害到工人;實(shí)際上，這也減少了勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的靈活性。所以至少這一項(xiàng)規(guī)定是應(yīng)該摒棄的。

　　【重點(diǎn)解析】

　　1.allow to 允許

　　例句:They will not allow your more way-out ideas topass unchallenged.

　　他們不會(huì)放過(guò)你這些古怪的念頭的。

　　2.at least 至少;比較低限度

　　例句:She was at least that much shorter than me.

　　她至少比我矮這么多。

　　3.base on 以…為基礎(chǔ);以…為根據(jù)

　　例句:There was no strong organizational base on which to build.

　　缺乏一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的組織基礎(chǔ)。

　　4.such as 例如;諸如

　　例句:We dislike people such as him.

　　我們不喜歡像他這號(hào)人。