解題原則分析：

名詞主體論，動(dòng)作決定論：文章以及段落都是由主題句和細(xì)節(jié)句構(gòu)成的。主題句表明段落或篇章的中心，細(xì)節(jié)句是為主題句而服務(wù)的。即，主題句指明段落及文章的方向，細(xì)節(jié)句則是支撐主題的具體事例，引語(yǔ)，統(tǒng)計(jì)，比喻或者實(shí)驗(yàn)。同時(shí)，無(wú)論主題句還是細(xì)節(jié)句均由單詞組成：名詞表達(dá)主體，動(dòng)詞確定趨勢(shì)，形容詞和副詞表示性質(zhì)。因此，把握文章每一個(gè)段落的中心思想無(wú)須透徹理解整個(gè)段落，段落中的名詞即可指明方向，確定主題，即，名詞主體論。主體名詞對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)作體現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容和趨向，因此，準(zhǔn)確體現(xiàn)主題句動(dòng)作的段落即為該主題句所對(duì)應(yīng)的段落，即，動(dòng)作決定論。

解題步驟分析：

Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in

the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for

each numbered paragraph (4 1-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] What to do as a student?

Various definitions of plagiarism

[C] Ideas should always be sourced

[D] Ignorance can be forgiven

[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft

[F] The consequences of plagiarism

Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication asone’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”

41

The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

42

Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

43

Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.

44

Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography -- are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

45

The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement: All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

1、主題句的分析、提煉

利用名詞主體論分析提煉供選擇主題句的主體名詞，同時(shí)提煉對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)作！

主體名詞---對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)作

[A] What to do as a student? Student-----do something