TEXT 2

      For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as.What’s the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

      Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does it mean to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?

      The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford�睟inet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales（both come in adult and children’s version）.Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and World Wide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

      Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low�瞫tress conditions, but under high�瞫tress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test�瞭aking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

      26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

      ［A］Answering philosophical questions.

      ［B］Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

      ［C］Telling the differences between certain concepts.

      ［D］Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

      27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from paragraph 3?

      ［A］People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

      ［B］More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

      ［C］The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

      ［D］Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

      28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because

      ［A］the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

      ［B］creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

      ［C］vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

      ［D］ the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

      29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that

      ［A］test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

      ［B］IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

      ［C］testing involves a lot of guesswork.

      ［D］traditional tests are out of date.

      30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

      ［A］Supportive.    ［B］Skeptical.    ［C］Impartial. ［D］Biased.

      ability15［E5biliti］n.①能力，智能；②才能，才干

      achieve12［E5tFi:v］v.①完成，實(shí)現(xiàn)；②達(dá)到，達(dá)成，獲得

      analogy2［E5nAlEdVi］n.比擬，類比

      analytical1［7AnE5litikEl］   a.分析的，分解的

      argue19［5B:gju:］v.①爭(zhēng)論，辯論；②認(rèn)為，主張，論證；③說(shuō)服

      aspect8［5Aspekt］n.①樣子，外表，面貌；②（問(wèn)題等的）方面

      assess4［E5ses］v.估價(jià)，評(píng)價(jià)

      attitude14［5Atitju:d］   n.①（to，towards）態(tài)度，看法；②姿勢(shì)

      author69［5C:WE］n.①作者；②創(chuàng)始人

      available18［E5veilEbl］a.①可用的，可得到的；②可以見到的，隨時(shí)可來(lái)的

      average17［5AvEridV］n.平均（數(shù)）；a.①平均的；②普通的，一般的；v.平均，均分

      bias7［5baiEs］n./v.（使有）偏見，偏心，偏袒

      capacity8［kE5pAsiti］n.①容量，容積；②能量，能力；③接受力；④生產(chǎn)力

      capture4［5kAptFE］n.捕獲，俘虜；v.①吸引（注意）；②記錄；③俘虜

      characteristic8［7kAriktE5ristik］a.（of）特有的，獨(dú)特的；n.特征，特性

      coincidence2［kEu5insidEns］n.①巧合，巧事；②一致，符合

      column2［5kClEm］n.①圓柱，柱狀物；②列；③（報(bào)刊中的）專欄

      component4［kEm5pEunEnt］n.①組成部分；②成分；③部件；a.組成的，合成的

      concept15［5kCnsept］n.概念，觀念，思想

      conclude5［kEn5klu:d］v.①結(jié)束，終結(jié)；②斷定，下結(jié)論；③締結(jié)，議定

      confuse9［kEn5fju:z］v.使混亂，混淆

      critical7［5kritikEl］a.①批評(píng)的，評(píng)論的；②危急的，緊要的；③臨界的；④重要的，關(guān)鍵的

      deduce2［di5dju:s］v.（from）演繹，推斷

      define7［di5fain］v.①給…下定義；②限定，規(guī)定；③解釋，闡述

      element5［5elimEnt］n.①元素；②組成部分；③人員，分子

      emphasize6［5emfEsaiz］v.強(qiáng)調(diào)

      extreme4［iks5tri:m］a.①末端的，盡頭的；②極度的，極端的；n.①極端；②最大程度；③極度（狀態(tài)）

      feature9［5fi:tFE］n.①特征，特色；②（報(bào)紙或雜志）特寫；③容貌，面貌；v.給顯著地位

      field5［fi:ld］n.①田，田野；②場(chǎng)地；③專業(yè)，領(lǐng)域；④實(shí)地；野外

      figure10［5figE］n.①體形；②數(shù)字；③圖形；④人物；v.（out）算出，估計(jì)，推測(cè)

      format1［5fC:mAt］n.設(shè)計(jì)，安排，樣式；v.使格式化

      genetic2［dVi5netik］a.遺傳的，起源的

      graduate3［5grAdjueit］n.（大學(xué)）畢業(yè)生，獲（學(xué)士）學(xué)位者；v.①（使）（大學(xué)）畢業(yè)；②獲學(xué)位；a.①畢了業(yè)的；②研究生的

      graph2［grB:f］n.圖表，曲線圖

      infer21［in5fE:］v.推論，推斷

      intelligence13［in5telidVEns］n.①智力，聰明；②理解力；③情報(bào)，消息，報(bào)導(dǎo)

      intelligent4［in5telidVEnt］a.聰明的，明智的

      involve20［in5vClv］v.①卷入，陷入，連累；②包含，含有，涉及

      knowledge 15［5nClidV］n.①知識(shí)，學(xué)識(shí)；②知道，了解

      leadership4［5li:dEFip］n.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)

      measure14［5meVE］v.測(cè)量；n.①尺寸，大小；②［常pl.］措施，辦法；③法案，法律規(guī)定

      moreover9［mC:5rEuvE］conj./ad.再者，加之，而且

      multiply1［5mQltiplai］v.①（by）乘，使相乘；②倍增，增加，繁殖

      nature14［5neitFE］n.①自然界，大自然；②性質(zhì)，本性，天性

      note9［nEut］n.①筆記，記錄；②按語(yǔ)，注釋；③便條，短箋；④鈔票，紙幣；⑤暗示，建議v.①記下，摘下；②表明，認(rèn)為

      numerical2［nju(:)5merikEl］a.數(shù)字的，用數(shù)表示的；a.數(shù)字的，用數(shù)字表示的

      object5［5CbdVikt］n.①物體；②客體，對(duì)象；③目的，目標(biāo)；④賓語(yǔ)；v.（to）反對(duì)

      obtain11［Eb5tein］v.獲得，得到

      obvious13［5CbviEs］a.明顯的，顯而易見的

      parade1［pE5reid］n.游行，檢閱；v.（使）列隊(duì)行進(jìn)，游行

      paragraph66［5pArEgrB:f］n.①段，節(jié)；②小新聞，短評(píng)

      pattern11［5pAtEn］n.①模式，式樣；②圖案，圖樣；v.仿制，模仿

      peer2［piE］n.同等的人，貴族；vi.凝視，窺視；vt.與…同等，封為貴族

      philosopher8［fi5lCsEfE］n.哲學(xué)家，哲人

      practical7［5prAktikEl］a.實(shí)際的，實(shí)用的

      predict13［pri5dikt］v.預(yù)言，預(yù)測(cè)，預(yù)告

      procedure4［prE5si:dVE］n.程序，手續(xù)，步驟

      reliable5［ri5laiEbl］a.可靠的

      result37［ri5zQlt］n.結(jié)果，成果，成績(jī)；v.①（in）導(dǎo)致，結(jié)果是；②（from）起因于，因…而造成

      scale3［skeil］n.①刻度，標(biāo)度；②天平，磅秤；③比例尺；④規(guī)模；⑤音階；⑥魚鱗

      school 44［sku:l］n.①學(xué)校；②（大學(xué)里的）學(xué)院，系；③學(xué)派，流派

      science58［5saiEns］n.①科學(xué)；②學(xué)科

      score8［skC:］n.①得分，分?jǐn)?shù)；②二十；v.得（分），記（…的）分?jǐn)?shù)

      sequence1［5si:kwEns］n.①先后，次序；②連續(xù)，數(shù)列

      shape2［Feip］n.①形狀，外形；②情況，狀態(tài)；③種類；v.成型，塑造

      skeptical2［5skeptikEl］a.懷疑性的，好懷疑的，無(wú)神論的

      skip1［skip］v.跳，蹦，急速改變，跳讀，遺漏，跳躍；n.跳躍

      solve9［sClv］v.解決，解答

      specify2［5spesifai］v.指定，詳細(xì)說(shuō)明

      statistical2［stE5tistikl］a.統(tǒng)計(jì)的，統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的

      stress9［stres］n.①壓力，應(yīng)力；②重音；v.強(qiáng)調(diào)，著重

      suit4［sju:t］v.①合適，適合；②相配，適應(yīng)；n.①一套西服；②訴訟

      supplement2［5sQplimEnt］n.①補(bǔ)充；②增刊；③附錄；v.增刊，補(bǔ)充

      testify1［5testifai］v.（to）說(shuō)明，證實(shí)

      variation2［7vZEri5eiFEn］n.①變化，變動(dòng)；②變種，變異

      verbal3［5vE:bEl］a.①用言辭的，用文字的；②口頭的；③動(dòng)詞的

      version2［5vE:FEn］n.①型，版本；②譯本，譯文；③說(shuō)法，看法；④（某種）形式

      visual2［5viVjuEl］a.看的，視覺(jué)的

      web12［web］n.網(wǎng)，蜘蛛網(wǎng)

      word36［wE:d］n.①詞，單詞；②［常pl.］話；③消息，傳說(shuō)；④諾言，保證；v.用言語(yǔ)表達(dá)

      assessment2［E5sesmEnt］n.估價(jià)，被估定的金額

      bookstore1［5bukstC:(r)］n.書店

      chronological1［7 krCnE5lCdVikEl］a.按年代順序排列的

      computational1［7kCmpju(:)5teiF(E)n(E)l］a.計(jì)算的

       correlated1［7kCrE5leitid］

      a.有相互關(guān)系的

      creativity5［7kri:ei5tivEti］n.創(chuàng)造力，創(chuàng)造

       distribution6［7distri5bju:FEn］n.分配，分發(fā)，配給物

      elude1［i5lju:d, i5lu:d］v.躲避

      encompass2［in5kQmpEs］v.包圍，環(huán)繞，包含

      envision1［in5viVEn］vt.想象， 預(yù)想

      folding1［fEuldiN］a.可折疊的

       fondness1［`fCndnIs］n.愛(ài)好， 溺愛(ài)

      given22［5giv(E)n］a.特定的，假設(shè)的

      guesswork1［5^eswE:k］n.臆想，猜測(cè)

      impartial2［im5pB:FEl］a.公平的，不偏不倚的

      indicator4［5indikeitE］n.指示器

      negatively1［5negEtivli］ad.否定地，消極地

      neurology1［njuE5rClEdVi］n.神經(jīng)學(xué)， 神經(jīng)病學(xué)

      philosophical1［7filE5sCfikEl］a.哲學(xué)的

      populate3［5pCpjuleit］v.居住，構(gòu)成…人口

      primarily2［5praimErili］ad.首先，起初，主要地，根本上

      psychologist2［psai5kClEdVist］n.心理學(xué)者

      query2［5kwiEri］n.質(zhì)問(wèn)， 詢問(wèn)；v.詢問(wèn)

      scholastic1［skE5lAstik］a.學(xué)校的， 學(xué)者的；n.學(xué)究，學(xué)生

      standardize4［5stAndEdaiz］vt.使符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化

      superhigh1［5sju:pE5hai］a.超高的

       toil1［tCil］n.辛苦， 苦工；vi.跋涉，苦干

      traditional7［trE5diFEn(E)l］a.傳統(tǒng)的，慣例的，口傳的，傳說(shuō)的

      visualize2［5vizjuElaiz］v.想像，顯現(xiàn)