Language and communication
語(yǔ)言和交際

Text

On cross-cultural communication

There are dozens of books on communicating globally. The trials, tribulations and terrors of attempting to do so have been well documented-tales of linguistic misunderstanding leading to costly mistakes, embarrassing encounters and humorous assumptions. Many are real, and given the creative range of human imagination, some are apocryphal.

That said, do we need yet another book on how to communicate effectively internationally, and if so, is it possible that any revelations can be offered? Surprisingly, the answers are maybe and yes. The Elements of International English Style manages to carve out another niche in the ongoing quest for global understanding-a not unremarkable achievement. Early on, the book is off-putting because of its somewhat pedantic approach, but before relegating it to the look-at-it-later stack, the reader should persevere.

Author Edmond Weiss notes that while English is the first language of about 400 million people (he calls them E1s), there are more than a billion who speak it as a second language (E2s). "All communication risks misunderstanding," Weiss notes, "and communication between E1s and E2s simply increases those risks." The focus of his book, then, is how to minimize the difficulties in communicating with E2s, especially those trying to understand business and technical documents. Often, he says, the key is to challenge accepted ideas of clarity, to forgo eloquence for comprehension and to break a few rules in order to eliminate confusion.

One tactic to get the most out of this slender volume is to read it quickly for an overview, noting the areas of miscommunication vulnerability. The book then can serve as a useful reference for avoiding specific linguistic and cultural minefields. One helpful section describing ways to make life easier for E2 readers details the virtues of simplified syntax, aggressive punctuation and readable typefaces. Another chapter offers tips to prepare copy for translation and for correspondence. Also helpful is a checklist for "internationalizing" a web site.

Despite the book's academic trappings (carefully noted sources, discussion questions and sometimes stuffy vocabulary), Weiss unexpectedly introduces bits of humor to reward the diligent reader. Speaking of jargon, for example, he comments, "Impact as a verb has no place in writing, except for those who are discussing asteroids and wisdom teeth." And he gains credibility with his observation, "Americans will overuse basically in much the way that British E1s overuse actually; as far as I can tell, neither word means anything at all."

The usual admonitions about global communication appear: no slang, no jargon, no sarcasm or irony, no idiomatic expressions, no cultural or literary allusions, no military or sports vocabulary and/or anything else that might befuddle an E2 attempting a literal translation. Also included are such anomalous ideas as substituting longer, more complex words with a single meaning for simpler words with many meanings, and hyphenating normally unhyphenated words to improve comprehension.

Other useful sections summarize principles of simplicity, clarity, correspondence and cultural adaptation, and writing for translation. Readers reluctant to plunge into uncharted international semantic seas can test the waters by completing an exercise in Appendix 2, "Sentences that Need Editing". In fact, this is not a bad way for a communication manager to introduce his or her staff to some of the more obvious traps.

Weiss also discusses how different cultural values can affect communication. He notes, for example, that in the U.S., people in business are admired for directness, lack of formality and effective use of time-traits seen in other parts of the world as rude, uncultured and immature. In the end, if nothing else, reading Weiss' book should heighten one's international cultural sensitivity.

Reading comprehension

1. According to Edmund Weiss, the key to minimizing the difficulties in communicating with E2s does not include____.
[A] avoid cultural minefields
[B] challenge accepted ideas of clarity
[C] forgo eloquence for comprehension
[D] break a few rules to eliminate confusion

2. What does the author want to tell us by quoting "impact as a verb has no place in writing"?
[A] Jargon is difficult to understand.
[B] It is necessary to try to avoid the use of jargon in communication.
[C] He wants to show his sense of humor.
[D] He wants to gain credibility.

3. Edmund's suggestions on making global communication clearer include the following except_____.
[A] avoid the use of cultural literary allusions
[B] use simple words with many meanings 
[C] hyphenate normally unhyphenated words
[D] avoid idiomatic expressions

4. What aspect does Weiss discuss apart from the language that can also affect communication?
[A] Body language 
[B] National boundaries
[C] Intonations and tones 
[D] Cultural values 

5. What type of writing is this article?
[A] Novel. 
[B] Article. 
[C] Essay. 
[D] Book review. 答案與題解

1.[A]
Edmund Weiss認(rèn)為，和以英語(yǔ)為第二語(yǔ)言的人交際中，減少交際困難的關(guān)鍵是挑戰(zhàn)固有的關(guān)于清楚表達(dá)的概念、為增加理解而放棄雄辯、打破一些規(guī)則。

2.[B]
作者舉這個(gè)例子的目的是想表明應(yīng)盡量避免在交際中使用一些術(shù)語(yǔ)和行話。

3.[B]
Edmund的建議是，寧可使用只有一種意思的更長(zhǎng)更復(fù)雜的詞，也不要使用有多個(gè)意思的短詞和簡(jiǎn)單詞，以避免出現(xiàn)混淆。

4.[D]
除了語(yǔ)言本身，Weiss只提到文化價(jià)值觀念對(duì)交際的影響。其他如身體語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)音交際的影響作者都沒(méi)有提到。

5.[D]
這是一道宏觀題。文章對(duì)Edmund Weiss所著的《國(guó)際英語(yǔ)文體基礎(chǔ)》做了介紹和評(píng)論，作者對(duì)該書(shū)總的評(píng)價(jià)不錯(cuò)。比如作者認(rèn)為，這本書(shū)雖然比較學(xué)術(shù)化，但仍然不乏幽默。文章最后一句說(shuō)，讀Weiss的書(shū)能夠提高人的國(guó)際文化敏感性。

Words

tribulation   磨難

costly  貴重的

apocryphal  不足憑信的

revelation  啟示，揭示

carve out  開(kāi)拓，創(chuàng)業(yè)

niche  小生境

off-putting   令人氣惱的

pedantic  書(shū)生氣的

relegate  轉(zhuǎn)移，歸入

typeface  字體

trapping  特有的或象征性的符號(hào)

jargon  行話

admonition   警告

befuddle  使迷惑，使迷糊

anomalous  不規(guī)則的，反常的

hyphenate  以連字符號(hào)連接

Notes

1. 第二段第三句中的a not unremarkable achievement 是雙重否定的用法，為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
2. 第二段最后一句中的look-at-it-later復(fù)合法構(gòu)詞。由動(dòng)詞詞組look at it later中間加上連字符構(gòu)成，變成形容詞。
3. 第四段第一句話中的get the most out of作"發(fā)揮......最大功效"講。例如The doctor have told him that he has only six months to live, so he's trying to get the most out of them. 醫(yī)生告訴他，他只能再活6個(gè)月了，因此他試圖最有效地利用這段時(shí)間。
4. 第四段最后一句話Also helpful is a checklist for "internationalizing" a web site. 這是一個(gè)倒裝句。正常語(yǔ)序是A checklist for "internationalizing" a web site is also helpful.
5. 第六段第二句話Also included are such anomalous ideas...也是一個(gè)倒裝句。

課文參考譯文

關(guān)于跨文化交際

關(guān)于全球交際的書(shū)籍有成打之多。嘗試進(jìn)行全球交際的試驗(yàn)、磨難和恐懼也被很好地記錄了下來(lái)--語(yǔ)言學(xué)上的誤解導(dǎo)致代價(jià)高昂的錯(cuò)誤、令人尷尬的遭遇和幽默的假設(shè)。這些記錄許多是真實(shí)的并基于人類的想像做了創(chuàng)造性發(fā)揮，有些則是假冒的。

那就是說(shuō)我們還需要另一本關(guān)于怎樣在國(guó)際上有效地進(jìn)行交際的書(shū)嗎？如果需要的話，它能否為我們提供一些啟示？令人驚訝的是，這兩個(gè)答案分別是也許和是�！秶�(guó)際英語(yǔ)文體基礎(chǔ)》成功地在全球相互理解的探索中開(kāi)創(chuàng)出一片新的天地--一個(gè)不同尋常的成就。這本書(shū)由于它學(xué)究式的風(fēng)格，之前，給人的第一印象不怎么好，不過(guò)在把它歸入以后再看的書(shū)堆之前，讀者應(yīng)該再堅(jiān)持看一會(huì)。

作者Edmond Weiss談到，雖然英語(yǔ)是大約4億人的第一語(yǔ)言（他稱作E1s），還有超過(guò)10億人將英語(yǔ)作為第二語(yǔ)言（E2s）。"所有的交際都有誤解的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，"Weiss提到，"E1s和E2s之間的交際只是增加了這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。"這本書(shū)關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)在于怎樣使同E2s之間交際的困難變得最小，特別是那些想要理解商業(yè)和技術(shù)文件的人。他說(shuō)，關(guān)鍵是挑戰(zhàn)公認(rèn)的關(guān)于清楚的觀念、放棄完全理解的想法，打破一些規(guī)則以消除混淆。

從這本小冊(cè)子中獲得最大益處的一個(gè)方法就是快速將其閱讀一遍，獲得總體看法，注意到容易出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤傳達(dá)之處。對(duì)于避開(kāi)特定的語(yǔ)言學(xué)和文化雷區(qū)，這本書(shū)是個(gè)有用的參考。其中一個(gè)部分提供了對(duì)E2讀者有益的方法，詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了簡(jiǎn)化句式、多打標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、字體清晰易讀的好處。另一章為翻譯和通信準(zhǔn)備副本提供了建議。書(shū)中的一個(gè)一覽表對(duì)于網(wǎng)站的"國(guó)際化"也很有用。

這本書(shū)除了學(xué)術(shù)上的特征（詳細(xì)記錄的資料來(lái)源、討論問(wèn)題甚至有些枯燥乏味的詞匯）外，Weiss出人意料地為勤奮的讀者帶來(lái)了一些幽默。例如，談到行話時(shí)，他評(píng)論說(shuō)，"Impact作為動(dòng)詞時(shí)在寫(xiě)作中基本用不上，除了那些在討論彗星和智齒的人。"而且他通過(guò)自己的觀察令人信服，"美國(guó)人過(guò)多使用basically，和英國(guó)人過(guò)多使用actually一樣；我認(rèn)為，這兩個(gè)詞都沒(méi)有什么意義。"

關(guān)于全球交際常見(jiàn)的告誡有不用俚語(yǔ)、不用行話、不用諷刺和反話、不用習(xí)慣表達(dá)、u不用文化或文學(xué)典故、不用軍事或體育詞匯和（或）任何可能使一位照字面進(jìn)行翻譯的E2感到迷惑的東西。同樣書(shū)中還有一些非常規(guī)的觀念，例如用更長(zhǎng)、更復(fù)雜的單義詞代替簡(jiǎn)單但有多個(gè)意思的詞，將通常不加連字符的詞加上連字符，以提高可理解度。

書(shū)中其他有用的部分對(duì)簡(jiǎn)潔、清晰、一致和文化適應(yīng)等原則進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。不愿意投入未知的語(yǔ)義海洋的讀者可以通過(guò)做一下附錄2中的一項(xiàng)練習(xí) "需要編輯的句子"來(lái)試試水。實(shí)際上，這對(duì)于交際經(jīng)理來(lái)說(shuō)不失為一個(gè)好辦法，這樣可以向他或她的員工介紹一些明顯的陷阱。

Weiss還討論了不同的文化價(jià)值觀如何影響交際。例如，他注意到，在美國(guó)，生意人的直接、不拘于客套和有效利用時(shí)間受人稱贊--而這些特點(diǎn)在世界其他一些地方被認(rèn)為是粗魯?shù)�、沒(méi)有教養(yǎng)的和不成熟的。最后，讀Weiss的書(shū)能夠提高人的國(guó)際文化敏感性。