語(yǔ)法應(yīng)用

　　考研中不一定專門考語(yǔ)法。主要是應(yīng)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行閱讀、完型、寫作等等。關(guān)鍵就是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法處理長(zhǎng)難句。

　　例如：She ,who is her mother’s daughter ,is a girl of beauty which is envied by lily who is of ugliness which we all know.

　　剝洋蔥似的分析句子的方法和步驟：

　　1. 以句號(hào)為單元判斷這個(gè)句子中有幾個(gè)洋蔥。

　　1)看句號(hào)句子中有沒(méi)有and和or。還要看它們連接的是不是句子。如果是詞和短語(yǔ)那么and前后就不是獨(dú)立的洋蔥。只有當(dāng)兩個(gè)句子并列的時(shí)候才是連個(gè)洋蔥。例如：I like apples and bananas.其中的apples and bananas是賓語(yǔ)并列。

　　再如：I am 22 and Jim is 23.這時(shí)就是兩個(gè)洋蔥。

　　2) 看句號(hào)里有沒(méi)有but.有but 也不一定就是兩個(gè)洋蔥。例如：But I am a boy.

　　3) 看句號(hào)里有沒(méi)有特殊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。

　　冒號(hào)“：”從命題的角度看如果問(wèn)題出在冒號(hào)的前面，答案一般出現(xiàn)在冒號(hào)的后面。如果問(wèn)題出在冒號(hào)的后面，答案大多數(shù)情況下出現(xiàn)在冒號(hào)的前面。

　　從長(zhǎng)難句解讀角度看冒號(hào)前后是獨(dú)立的。

　　破折號(hào)“—”考研英語(yǔ)中破折號(hào)“—”等于冒號(hào)“：”功能是一樣的。

　　分號(hào)“;”分號(hào)前后獨(dú)立各自成為一個(gè)洋蔥。

　　2. 對(duì)每一個(gè)洋蔥分別剝皮。每一個(gè)洋蔥的第一層皮就是這個(gè)句子的核心內(nèi)容。此后從第二層開(kāi)始，每一層皮就表示一個(gè)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。

　　3. 把每一層皮分別翻譯成中文。

　　4. 在剝皮處設(shè)問(wèn)。用設(shè)問(wèn)的方式把每一層皮連接在一起。這就是化整為零，再?gòu)牧愕秸��?/p>

　　綜合運(yùn)用以前所獎(jiǎng)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。繼續(xù)講解利用剝洋蔥的方法在考研的長(zhǎng)難句中的應(yīng)用。

　　1994年真題第一篇文章。

　　Passage I

　　The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen , striving to make profits , produce these goods and services in competition  with other businessmen; and the profit motive , operating under competitive pressures , largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American eoonomic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

　　An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system .

　　The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private progeny) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .

　　51 . In Line 11 , Para 1 , "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means__.

　　A. Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

　　B. Americans tend to oven Tate their incomes

　　C. Americans want to have their incomes increased

　　D. Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

　　52. The first two & ntences in the second paragraph tell us that__.

　　A. producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

　　B. consumers can express their demands through producers

　　C. producers decide the prices of products

　　D. supply and demand regulate prices

　　53 . According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.

　　A. private property and rights concerned

　　B. manpower and natural resources control

　　C. ownership of productive resources

　　D. free contracts and prices

　　54. The passage is mainly about__.

　　A. how American goods are produced

　　B. how American consumers buy their goods

　　C. how American economic system works

　　D. how American businessmen make their profits