2013初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo):非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法

　　一、考查不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的基本區(qū)別

　　從時(shí)間關(guān)系上看，不定式表未來(lái)，現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表完成，同時(shí)注意不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式也表完成(尤其是表示有明顯的先后關(guān)系的完成);從主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)來(lái)看，不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)，同時(shí)注意不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式也表被動(dòng)(不定式的被動(dòng)式在表被動(dòng)的同時(shí)還兼表未來(lái)，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)的同時(shí)還兼表進(jìn)行)。如：

　　1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. (湖南卷)

　　A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed

　　【分析】答案選 C。動(dòng)詞不定式表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作。

　　2. _________from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (湖北卷)

　　A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated

　　【分析】答案選 C。因?yàn)锳ustralia與separate是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且separate發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞has之前，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式作原因狀語(yǔ)。

　　二、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式

　　結(jié)合句子意思，考察非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與相應(yīng)邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，若為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用主動(dòng)式;若為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用被動(dòng)式。此時(shí)要特別注意，過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)式，因?yàn)樗�本身可以表示被�?dòng)。如：

　　1. The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well_________. (湖北卷)

　　A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending

　　【分析】答案選B。因money與spend是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用過(guò)去分詞。

　　2. The prize of the game show is$30000 and an all expenses _________ vacation to China. (北京卷)

　　A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid

　　【分析】答案選B。因all expenses與pay是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞。注意句中的an 不是修飾 expenses，而是修飾vacation。

　　3. When _________help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “It’s kind of you.” (福建卷)

　　A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered

　　【分析】答案選 D。因一個(gè)人說(shuō)“謝謝”，應(yīng)當(dāng)是他被提供了幫助，所以要用過(guò)去分詞，When offered help… =When he is offered help…

　　三、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法

　　非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(不定式、動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)的完成式主要表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作。做題時(shí)要注意根據(jù)題干所提供的語(yǔ)境來(lái)推斷這種先后關(guān)系。如：

　　1. The storm left, _________a lot of damage to this area. (全國(guó)卷I)

　　A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused

　　【分析】答案選D。因The storm與cause是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除選項(xiàng)A;不定式作狀語(yǔ)，前面通常不用逗號(hào)，排除B和C;因暴風(fēng)雨給這個(gè)地區(qū)“造成損失”是在“結(jié)束”之前，所以用完成式。

　　2. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _________　advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. (上海卷)

　　A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken

　　【分析】答案選 A。因people與take advantage of是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除選項(xiàng)B和D;take不會(huì)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)are signing up之前，不用完成式，排除C。

　　四、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)

　　在通常情況下，表伴隨情況的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。如：

　　1. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, _________away. (全國(guó)卷III)

　　A. run B. running C. to run D. ran

　　【分析】答案選B�，F(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

　　2. He glanced over at her, _________ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (廣東卷)

　　A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted

　　【分析】答案選 A。因?yàn)閔e與note是主謂關(guān)系，且note與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞glanced的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

　　3. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _________fun. (重慶卷)

　　A. had B. have C. to have D. having

　　【分析】答案選 D。用現(xiàn)在分詞表伴隨情況。

　　說(shuō)明：有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞也可表伴隨(注意過(guò)去分詞同時(shí)還表被動(dòng)關(guān)系)，但高考很少考查此用法。如：

　　He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了進(jìn)來(lái)，后面跟著他的妻子。