1.Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.

2.The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes.

3.Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.

4.Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable.

5.During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.

參考答案：

1.其他領域的研究也有助于對此的理解：心理學和倫理學試圖解釋目標是如何形成的，歷史記錄著人們所追求的目標的變化，社會學則從社會環(huán)境的角度來解釋人們的行為。

2.第一個領域，價格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟學，解釋在競爭的市場中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導致了大量的個別價格、工資率、利潤空間和租金的變化。

3.因為，按照凱恩斯的理論，不充分的總體需求會增加失業(yè)，建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴大投資或政府增加開支，繼而增加預算赤字。

4.古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財富、財產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題，兩人都對商業(yè)持有偏見，認為靠生意來謀生是不足取的。

5.在中世紀，羅馬天主教會的經(jīng)濟學思想表達在其教法中，教法譴責從借貸中獲利的行為，并認為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。