動名詞

　　三個基本句型

　　▲主+系動詞+表

　　The earth is a globe.

　　我們居住的地球 是 一個大球體

　　The earth where we live is a big globe.

　　▲謂+主+狀 = there be

　　There is a book on the table

　　然而，在那個國家還有成千上萬的年輕人 卻很難找到工作。

　　However, in that country there are also thousands and thousands of young people who find it very difficult to get work.

　　▲ 主+謂+賓+狀

　　The tree  saved  their lives  in the flood(s).

　　正是那棵樹 在洪水中救了 他們的命。

　　It was the tree that saved their lives in the flood(s).

　　我們 無法想象 在那個遙遠的星球上存在什么東西。

　　We cannot imagine what exists on that far-away planet.

　　非謂語動詞

　　在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式，動名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。

　　1）不定式

　　時態(tài)\語態(tài)　　　  主動　　　　        　　被動

　　一般式　　　　to do　　　　　 to be done

　　完成式　　　 to have done　　to have been done

　　2）動名詞

　　時態(tài)\語態(tài)　　　  主動　　　　        　　被動

　　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done

　　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done

　　3）分詞

　　時態(tài)\語態(tài)　　　  主動　　　　　         　被動

　　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done

　　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done

　　否定形式： not +不定式，　not + 動名詞，not + 現(xiàn)在分詞

　　動名詞是動詞的一種非謂語形式，由動詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成，它在句中起名詞的作用，可以在句子中用作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補語、狀語和定語。

　　1、 動名詞作主語

　　Walking is good exercise.

　　走路是很好的運動

　　Seeing is believing.

　　眼見為實。

　　Smoking may cause cancer.

　　吸煙可能導(dǎo)致癌癥。

　　Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.

　　乘火車到杭州要16個小時。

　　Swimming develops the muscles.

　　游泳可以發(fā)展肌肉。

　　通常為了避免句子主語過于冗長，用it作形式主語。如：

　　It's nice talking with you.

　　和你談話很高興。

　　It's no use arguing with him.

　　跟他爭論沒用。

　　It is no use sending him over. It's too late already.

　　派他去沒用，已經(jīng)太晚了。

　　It was very difficult getting everything ready in time.

　　要把一切按時準備好很困難。

　　"There + be + no + -ing"結(jié)構(gòu)，如：

　　There is no joking about such matters.

　　這種事開不得玩笑。

　　There is no harm in doing so.

　　這樣做沒有害處。

　　There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.

　　不容否認新方法大大提高了勞動生產(chǎn)率。

　　2、 動名詞作表語

　　Her job is raising pigs.

　　她的工作是養(yǎng)豬。

　　This food smells inviting.

　　這種食物香味怡人。

　　The only thing that interests her is dancing.

　　她唯一感興趣的事就是跳舞。

　　My favorite sport is swimming.

　　我最喜歡的運動是游泳。

　　To keep money you have found is stealing.

　　撿到錢不交等于偷竊。

　　3、 動名詞作賓語

　　Your shoes need polishing.

　　你的皮鞋該擦了。

　　Jim dislikes eating chocolate.

　　吉姆不喜歡吃巧克力。

　　Would you mind filling out this form?

　　請?zhí)钜幌逻@張表好嗎？

　　She can't help crying at a sad movie.

　　她看了憂傷的電影禁不住要哭。

　　醫(yī)生讓多運動。

　　The doctor advised taking exercise.

　　The thief admitted entering the house.

　　小偷承認進了屋。

　　學(xué)生們的卷子改完沒有？

　　Have you finished correcting the students' papers?

　　有些動詞和動詞短語后只能接動名詞作賓語。這些動詞及短語有：

　　admit, advise, advocate, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape, fancy, finish, forgive, endure, involve, give up, imagine, mention, mind, miss, pardon, practise, require, resent, resist, suggest, recall, resist, understand

　　give up, aim at, put off, insist on, persist in, be good at, do well in, can't help, keep on, leave off, feel like, be tired (afraid, capable, fond) of, set about, be used to, object to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, see to, submit to, adapt to, apply to, prefer to, adjust to, owe to, react to等。

　　admit

　　Vt. 承認；供認

　　advocate

　　vt擁護；提倡； 主張

　　anticipate

　　vt.預(yù)期, 期望

　　appreciate

　　vt.賞識, 鑒賞

　　avoid

　　vt.避免, 消除

　　delay

　　v.耽擱, 延遲

　　deny

　　v.否認, 拒絕

　　endure

　　v.耐久, 忍耐

　　escape

　　vt.逃避, 避免

　　excuse

　　vt.原諒, 申辯

　　fancy

　　vt.想象, 設(shè)想,

　　imagine

　　vt.想象, 設(shè)想

　　involve

　　vt.包括, 籠罩

　　justify

　　v.證明...是正當?shù)?/p>

　　permit

　　v.許可, 允許

　　postpone

　　vt.推遲, 使延期, 延遲

　　prevent

　　v.防止, 預(yù)防

　　quit

　　vt.離開, 放棄, 解除

　　regret

　　vt.為...感到遺憾, 后悔

　　require

　　vt.需要, 要求, 命令

　　resent

　　v.憤恨, 怨恨

　　resist

　　vt.抵抗, 反抗

　　stand

　　v. 持久, 經(jīng)受

　　give up

　　v.放棄(念頭、希望等), 停止

　　aim at

　　v.瞄準, 針對

　　put off

　　v.推遲, 拖延

　　insist on

　　v.堅持, 堅決要求

　　persist in

　　v.堅持, 固執(zhí)于

　　do well in

　　成績好,...做得好

　　be good at

　　v.擅長

　　can't help

　　禁不住

　　leave off = stop

　　v.停止

　　feel like

　　想要， 好象要

　　be fond of

　　v.喜愛, 愛好

　　set about

　　v.開始, 著手

　　object to

　　反對

　　devote oneself to

　　v.獻身于, 專心于

　　stick to

　　堅持干(某事)

　　respond to

　　反應(yīng)；回報

　　look forward to

　　期望

　　see to

　　v.負責, 注意

　　submit to

　　v. 服從, 忍受, 順從

　　adapt to

　　適合

　　apply to

　　將...應(yīng)用于

　　adjust to

　　適應(yīng), 調(diào)節(jié)

　　owe to

　　v.歸功于

　　react to

　　v.與...起反應(yīng)

　　The doctor advised taking more exercise.

　　醫(yī)生建議多鍛煉。

　　I suggest doing it in a different way.

　　我建議用不同的方法做。

　　Do you feel like having a drink?

　　你想喝點飲料嗎？

　　I prefer swimming to playing basketball.

　　我喜歡游泳勝于打籃球。

　　重點詞

　　"mind +V-ing…？"通常是指說話者要請對方"來做……"的意思，若是說話者自己要做而在征求對方的同意時則使用"mind +my +V-ing…"的句式。

　　例：Do you mind opening the windows?

　　請你把窗打開，你介意嗎？

　　當然不介意。

　　Certainly not.

　　例：Do you mind me [my] smoking ?

　　你會介意我吸煙嗎？

　　不會的，請便。

　　No, please do.

　　"mind +V-ing"也可用于表達否定。

　　例：I don't mind being found going out with him.

　　我不在乎被人看到和他一同出去。

　　1. I have no objection拒絕之理由_______ your story again.

　　A. to hear       B. to hearing

　　C. to having heard     D. to have heard

　　have an objection to the plan

　　2. The student was given a heavier punishment處罰on account that由于；因為he had ______ at the test.

　　A. denied to have cheated      B. denied having cheated

　　C. denied cheat               D. denied to cheat

　　3. It's no good ______ her, she always takes her time in doing everything.

　　A. pressing      B. to press        C. oppressing       D. to oppress

　　4. My parents are looking forward to _____ a trip to the United States next month.

　　A. make          B. be making    C. making           D. have made

　　5. I don't enjoy _______ with me.

　　A. you stay      B. you to stay

　　C. you staying      D. you should stay

　　B B A C C

　　6. You should really avoid your ______ at home alone as he is very ill.

　　A. father stayed        B. father's staying

　　C. father to stay         D. father who stays

　　7. Many cities in the Southern part of the United States have difficulty ______ traffic flowing when it snows.

　　A. kept    B. to keep   C. keeping    D. in being kept

　　8. Nowadays, children often prefer _______ TV to reading.

　　A. watching     B. to watch    C. being watched   D. watch

　　9. Your overcoat wants ______.

　　A. brush     B. to brush     C. brushing    D. be brushed

　　10. I feel like _______ to the cinema with my friends.

　　A. go       B. to go       C. going       D. went

　　11. We should not risk ________ that building in its present condition.

　　A. to enter  B. entering  C. to have entered  D. having entered

　　B C A C C B

　　12. I _____ around with a good deal of curiosity.

　　A. could not help to look      B. could not but to look

　　C. could not but looking      D. could not help looking

　　13. I would appreciate _____ it a secret.

　　A. you to keep              B. that you would keep

　　C. your keeping       D. that you are keeping

　　14. Two of them were busy ________ artificial flowers.

　　A. to make         B. made       C. making      D. being made

　　15. We shall appreciate ______ from you soon.

　　A. being heard      B. hearing

　　C. to hear       D. having been heard

　　16. There is no point ______ the piano unless you practise every day.

　　A. to learn to play          B. by learning to play

　　C. in learning to play       D. having learned to play

　　D C C B C

　動名詞與不定式

　　1) 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：

　　動名詞表達的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的

　　不定式表達的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的

　　2) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有8組：

　　有些動詞既可接動名詞作賓語，也可接不定式，但在語義上卻有很大差別。如：

　�、與hance to do   碰巧去做某事

　　chance doing   冒險試一試做某事

　　⑵forget to do   忘記要去做某事

　　forget doing   忘記曾做過某事

　�、莋o on to do   接著又做另一件事

　　go on doing   繼續(xù)做同一件事

　　⑷remember to do  記得要去做某事

　　remember doing   記得曾做過某事

　�、蓅top to do   停下來去做某事

　　stop doing   停止做某事

　　⑹try to do   努力做某事

　　try doing    試一試做某事

　�、藃egret to do   對將要做的事表示遺憾

　　regret doing   對做過的事表示遺憾

　�、蘭ean to do   打算／想做某事

　　mean doing   意味著／意思是做某事

　　特殊詞精講

　　stop doing/to do

　　stop to do　 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。

　　stop doing　停止做某事。

　　They stop to smoke a cigarette.

　　他們停下來，抽了根煙。

　　I must stop smoking.

　　我必須戒煙了。

　　forget doing/to do     ?  remember doing / to do

　　forget to do　忘記要去做某事�！�(未做)

　　forget doing　忘記做過某事�！　�(已做)

　　The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.

　　辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動作)

　　He forgot turning the light off.

　　他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。( 已做過關(guān)燈的動作)

　　Don't forget to come tomorrow.

　　別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)

　　典型例題

　　---- The light in the office is still on.

　　---- Oh, I forgot___.

　　A. turning it off　 B. turn it off　 C. to turn it off　 D. having turned it off

　　答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。

　　go on doing/to do

　　go on to do　做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。

　　go on doing　 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。

　　After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.

　　做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。

　　Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.

　　作完這個練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)

　　mean to doing/to do

　　mean to do　 打算、想

　　mean doing　意味著

　　I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.

　　我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。

　　To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.

　　贈加工資意味著增加購買力。

　　典型例題

　　1. ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

　　---Well, now I regret ___ that.

　　A. to do　   B. to be doing

　　C. to have done　  D. having done

　　2. I regret ______ you that the materials you ordered are out of stock.

　　A. informing    B. having informed

　　C. to inform    D. to have informed

　　3. Yesterday we got a copy off BBC Modern English at a bookshop. After I read it, I went on ______ the New Concept English.

　　A. reading      B. in reading     C. to read    D. to be read

　　D C C

　　4、動名詞作賓語補語

　　I found the parade quite interesting to watch.

　　這種用法通常用在下列幾類動詞中，后接賓語然后加上-ing分詞，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，動名詞充當賓補成分。

　　表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如：see, hear, feel, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe等。如：

　　There we found him watching TV.

　　我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他在那兒看電視。

　　I heard someone knocking at the door.

　　我聽見有人在敲門。

　　感官動詞 + doing/to do

　　感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do　 表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性

　　I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

　　昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調(diào)"我看見了"這個事實)

　　I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

　　(強調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。

　　典型例題

　　1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.

　　A. grow　 B. grew　 C. was growing　 D. to grow

　　答案：A. 因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調(diào)的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth.的句型。

　　2) The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.

　　A. playing　 B. to be playing

　　C. play　　D. to play

　　答案：A. 本題強調(diào)其動作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。

　　在有些動詞(如：regard, describe, accept, think of, quote等)之后，可由as引出-ing分詞詞組作賓補。如：

　　They regarded the contract as being invalid.

　　他們認為合同無效。

　　They described the child as being very clever.

　　他們描述這孩子非常聰明。

　　使役動詞，如：set, keep, have, get, leave, catch等。如：

　　Can you get my watch going again?

　　你能使我的表再走起來嗎？

　　This sets me thinking.

　　這使我思考。

　　5、動名詞作狀語

　　動名詞作狀語表示在進行一動作的同時所進行的另一動作，它對謂語動詞起修飾和陪襯的作用。動名詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、結(jié)果、方式或伴隨情況。

　　Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden. (時間)

　　打掃完房間，我們開始在花園里除草。

　　Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work. (時間)

　　進屋以后，她看到人人都在工作。

　　Being ill, he couldn't go to school. (原因)

　　因為生病，他不能去上學(xué)。

　　Having no interest in the topic, he didn't go to the lecture. (原因)

　　由于對這個話題沒有興趣，他沒去參加講座。

　　Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. (條件)

　　只要刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，你會成功的。

　　Using atomic energy, we can build spaceships. (條件)

　　利用原子能，我們能夠建造太空船。

　　Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired. (讓步)

　　(盡管)成績是巨大的，(但)仍有一些要求改進的東西。

　　My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果)

　　我的車被交通擁擠堵住，所以延誤了。

　　Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式)

　　我們坐火車訪問了好多城市。

　　Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴隨)

　　瑪麗坐在教室的窗戶旁，正在讀一本書。

　　6、動名詞作定語

　　動名詞作定語時和形容詞的功能是相似的。動名詞可以單獨作定語，如：

　　a smiling face 笑臉

　　a leading figure 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物

　　動名詞還能構(gòu)成合成詞作定語，如：

　　easy-going man

　　好說話的人

　　swimming pool 游泳池

　　sleeping-pill 安眠藥片

　　dining-car 餐車

　　當分詞短語做后置定語時，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。

　　She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.

　　= She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai.

　　她乘坐了去上海的火車。

　　There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.

　　= There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park.

　　在我們面前有兩條路，一條通向沙灘，另一條通向公園。

　　2）動名詞的時態(tài)\語態(tài)

　　時態(tài)\語態(tài)　　　  主動　              被動　　　        　　　　　　　　　　　一般式　　       doing　　　being done

　　完成式　having done　　having been done

　　1. ____ his things, he hurried to the station.

　　A. Having packed up   B. Packed up

　　C. Packing up    D. Being packed up

　　2. ______ on the road, the driver stopped the car.

　　A. Seen a bomb

　　B. To see a bomb

　　C. Seeing a bomb

　　D. After being seen a bomb

　　A C

　　1) Mark often attempts to escape ____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

　　A) having been fined   B) to have been fined

　　C) to be fined    D) being fined

　　2) My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate ____ from you sometime.

　　A) to have heard   B) to hear

　　C) for hearing    D) hearing

　　3) The thief took away the woman's wallet without____.

　　A) being seen    B) seeing

　　C) him seeing    D) seeing him

　　4) People appreciate ____with him because he has a good sense of humor.

　　A) to work    B) to have worked

　　C) working    D) have working

　　5) I've enjoyed ____ to talk with you.

　　A) to be able    B) being able

　　C) to been able    D) of being able

　　1)D 2)D 3)A 4)C 5)B

　　6) No one can avoid ____ by advertisements.

　　A) to be influenced   B) being influenced

　　C) influencing    D) having influence

　　7) They are considering ____ before the prices go up.

　　A) of buying the house   B) with buying the house

　　C) buying the house   D) to buy the house

　　8) He thought that ____.

　　A) the effort doing the job was not worth

　　B) the effort was not worth in doing the job

　　C) it was not worth the effort doing the job

　　D) it was not worth the effort by doing the job

　　9) If I had remembered ____ the door, the things would not have been stolen.

　　A) to lock    B) locking

　　C) to have locked   D) having locked

　　10) Your shirt needs ____. You'd better have it done today.

　　A) iron   B) to iron  C) ironing  D) being ironed

　　6)B 7)C 8)C 9)A 10)C

　　11) You can't help ____ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another.

　　A) to hear    B) to be heard

　　C) hearing    D) with hearing

　　12) My transistor radio isn't working. It ____.

　　A) need repairing   B) needs to repair

　　C) needs repairing   D) need to be repaired

　　13) It is no use ____ me not to worry.

　　A) you tell    B) your telling

　　C) for you to have told   D) having told

　　14) He is very busy ____ his papers. He is far too busy ____ callers.

　　A) to write...to receive   B) writing...to receive

　　C) writing...receiving   D) to write...for receiving

　　11)C 12)C 13)B 14)B

　　15)The suspect at last admitted ____ stolen goods but denied ____ them.

　　A) receiving...selling   B) to receive...to sell

　　C) to receiving...to selling  D) to have received...to have sold

　　16)I really appreciate ____ to help me, but I am sure that I can manage by myself.

　　A) you to offer    B) that you offer

　　C) your offering    D) that you are offering

　　17) Please stop ____, boys, I have something important to ____ you.

　　A) saying ...talk    B) telling ... say

　　C) talking ...speak    D) talking ... tell

　　18) Tony, would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty ____ his tape recorder?

　　A) to fix     B) fixing

　　C) for fixing     D) fix

　　15) A 16)C 17)D 18)B

　　19)  -- Why were you late?

　　-- I had a hard time ____ up this morning."

　　A) to get   B) get          C) got              D) getting

　　20)I remember ____ to help us if we ever got into  trouble.

　　A) once offering   B) him once offering

　　C) him to offer   D) to offer him

　　21)John regretted ____ to the meeting last week.

　　A) not going    B) not to go

　　C) not having been going  D) not to be going

　　22) It is difficult to get used ____ in a tent after having a soft, comfortable bed to lie on.

　　A) sleep       B) to sleeping    C) slept        D) to sleep

　　23) Prior to ____ the formal speech, first he will introduce himself.

　　A) delivering    B) deliver

　　C) being delivering   D) being delivered

　　19)D 20)B 21)A 22)B 23)A       prior to在前, 居先