寫作——出現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)
四級(jí)作文在追求明白、通順、完整的同時(shí),還要力求語(yǔ)言的生動(dòng)、形象、讓開頭結(jié)尾更新穎脫俗,為作文增色,取得高分。
(1)詞匯選擇標(biāo)新立異
1)盡量使用同義詞避免簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)。在使用同義詞的時(shí)候需要考生在選詞時(shí)斟酌其含義的微妙差別,辨析同義詞在具體語(yǔ)境中的不同用法。
如“認(rèn)為”可用harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that等;“好的”可用conducive /beneficial/advantageous等。
但要注意詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性,即必須還要考慮適合的語(yǔ)境。比如形容眼睛“大”,很顯然,great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous這些“大”都是不恰當(dāng)?shù)模荒苁褂胋ig。
2)盡量使用詞性變化來(lái)豐富自己的表達(dá)手段。
如to voice some different opinions 替代to give/express some different opinions; to double/triple 替代twice or three times;
3)盡量使用派生形式來(lái)點(diǎn)綴文章亮點(diǎn)。
如be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of替代indicate, suggest ,fear;it is of great importance/ help/ use/ significance 替代 it is very important/ significant/ helpful/ useful;not unnecessary/ not unimportant。
4)四級(jí)考試詞匯不足采取措施:
在四級(jí)作文寫作過(guò)程中,很多考生往往有很多話要說(shuō),但是詞匯量不足無(wú)法完整表達(dá)自己的意思。為了應(yīng)付這種情況,我們總結(jié)簡(jiǎn)便易行的應(yīng)急措施:
、僭囉没\統(tǒng)詞
英語(yǔ)中有些具體詞音節(jié)較多,使用頻率不高,容易遺忘,而英語(yǔ)中籠統(tǒng)詞有have, take 等,它的意義廣泛,搭配性強(qiáng),構(gòu)成詞組后可以替代眾多具體動(dòng)詞,大致表達(dá)意思。
例如:這個(gè)男孩跟他爸爸長(zhǎng)得很像。
The boy resembles his father.
分析:這個(gè)句子中,如果考生想不起resemble這個(gè)單詞時(shí),用take after代替。如:The boy takes after his father.其效果及表達(dá)的意義決不亞于第一句。這樣的例子還很多。如:
I experienced a terrible hard time.= I had a terrible hard time.
I will preside over the meeting.= I will take the meeting.
、诼(lián)想有關(guān)詞匯
當(dāng)遺忘單詞時(shí),發(fā)揮想象力,想出一切與之有關(guān)的單詞,多角度地運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言。一般情況下,聯(lián)想可按下列思路進(jìn)行:1聯(lián)想同義詞;2聯(lián)想反義詞。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中眾多的同義詞在許多情況下是可以通用的。但也要注意英語(yǔ)同義詞并不是完全對(duì)等,要根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)境選擇同義詞。
The driver stepped on the gas and accelerated the car.
分析:accelerate 使用頻率不太高,很容易遺忘。而其同義詞quicken;speed up卻很容易記。以后者取代前者絲毫不影響原句的意義。再如:the prevailing economic conditions in Northern Ireland= the current economic conditions in Northern Ireland
同樣,用其反義詞來(lái)取代某一遺忘了的詞也是可行的,例如:
He is stubborn.= He is not tame.
She is talkative.= She is never quiet.
③試用解釋性語(yǔ)句
解釋性語(yǔ)句能幫助我們巧妙地避開一些大詞,難詞,又能使意思表達(dá)流暢。英語(yǔ)當(dāng)中多功能解釋性語(yǔ)句,就可以起到這一作用。例如:
He is a dumb.= He is a person who can not speak.
I’ve never seen such a stubborn person.= I’ve never seen such a person who never listens to other’s advice.
四級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般側(cè)重于能清楚地表達(dá)意義,段落,層次有系統(tǒng)性,語(yǔ)法正確,而并不過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)用詞的精確度。當(dāng)考生碰到難詞或遺忘詞時(shí),不要鉆牛角尖,應(yīng)該采取靈活的思維方法,運(yùn)用有限的詞匯作出美妙的文章。
(2)恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用修辭
英語(yǔ)作文中常用的修辭方式是比喻。比喻包括明喻、暗喻和換喻三種。
明喻:一種修辭手法,把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較.用like, as, as…as, as if(though)或用其他詞語(yǔ)指出兩個(gè)不同事物的相似之處。例如:
The man can’t be trusted.He is as slippery as an eel.那個(gè)人不可信賴。他像鰻魚一樣狡猾。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.童年就像一場(chǎng)即逝的夢(mèng)。
暗喻:用一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點(diǎn)的另外一個(gè)事物。例如:
The world is a stage.世界是一個(gè)大舞臺(tái)。
a sea of troubles 憂愁之海
換喻:用某一事物的名稱代替另外一個(gè)與它關(guān)系密切的事物的名稱,只要一提到其中一種事物,就會(huì)使人聯(lián)想到另一種。比如用the White House 代替美國(guó)政府或者總統(tǒng), 用the bottle來(lái)代替wine 或者alcohol, 用the bar 來(lái)代替the legal profession,用 crown代替 king等。 例如:
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle.母親盡最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848.他在1848年繼承了王位。
(3)開頭結(jié)尾新穎脫俗
文章的開篇方法多種多樣,大家必須根據(jù)文章的題材、體裁、讀者等來(lái)加以選擇。作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種:
、匍_門見山,直入主題
開始段可用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言直陳主題思想,既可以吸引讀者的注意力,又可以避免跑題。例如:主題:Euthanasia(安樂(lè)死)
It has been said that euthanasia is quietly being practiced in some urban areas of China, despite a lack of legal protection for the death option.In my opinion, it is right to exercise mercy killing.
該段第一句引入安樂(lè)死這一討論的主題,第二句接著直接陳述作者對(duì)安樂(lè)死的看法。從這個(gè)開始段不難看出,全文將闡述“為什么實(shí)行安樂(lè)死是對(duì)的”。
、谝詥(wèn)句形式開頭,點(diǎn)明主題
文章的開頭還可用設(shè)問(wèn)的方式點(diǎn)明主題,提示全文內(nèi)容,激發(fā)讀者讀下去,探個(gè)究竟。例如:主題:Water Shortage
China, a country blessed with a great number of rivers, has abundant water resources. However, China’s many cities are going thirsty. What has caused the shortage?
本段第一句說(shuō)中國(guó)水資源豐富,第二句指出中國(guó)許多城市卻缺水,第三句提出了讀者心中的疑問(wèn):是什么原因?qū)е氯彼?從而激發(fā)讀者的興趣,吸引讀者讀下去,尋找問(wèn)題的答案。
、垡妹、諺語(yǔ),點(diǎn)明主題
開始段還可以巧妙引用與主題相關(guān)的名言、常用習(xí)語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)、格言等,既可增強(qiáng)文章的感染力,也可點(diǎn)題或表明作者的觀點(diǎn)。例如:
A proverb says, “You are only young once.” (適用于已記住的名言)
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(適用于自編名言)
引用名言,使文章很自然進(jìn)入主題,同時(shí)也增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。
、苓\(yùn)用數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)
原則上在議論文當(dāng)中不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)虛假數(shù)字,可是在考試的時(shí)候可以編造數(shù)字。例如:
According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
A recent statistics shows that tens of billions of pounds is spent on cigarettes every year in our country.
文章開頭使用數(shù)字,這樣吸引讀者的注意,并且是描寫顯得生動(dòng)有力。
⑤描寫共有經(jīng)歷,引起共鳴
開始段還可通過(guò)描寫與讀者共有的經(jīng)歷,引起讀者的共鳴,增強(qiáng)說(shuō)服力。例如:主題:Daydreaming
“Daydreaming again, Barb? You’ll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Can’t you find something useful to do?” Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents.And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming….
本段通過(guò)許多年輕人常常從他們父母那聽到的話開頭,引出“白日做夢(mèng)”這一主題,很容易引起讀者的共鳴,激發(fā)他們的興趣,同時(shí)又能增強(qiáng)了文章的說(shuō)服力。
另外,結(jié)尾段(Concluding Paragraph)同開篇一樣重要。結(jié)尾段對(duì)全文要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)、表達(dá)作者的目的,以求留給讀者一個(gè)深刻完整的印象,增強(qiáng)文章的效果。文章結(jié)尾的形式常見的有以下幾種:
、倏偨Y(jié)全文,得出結(jié)論
結(jié)尾段可用總結(jié)全文的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)、概括全文的主要內(nèi)容,加深讀者對(duì)全文的深刻了解與認(rèn)識(shí)。例如:
主題:Physical exercise
In a word, I benefit a lot from doing physical exercise.I seldom get sick but feel vigorous even after a whole day’s work.I shall keep up doing physical exercise so as to live happily and fruitfully.
本段總結(jié)了全文,加深讀者對(duì)“體育鍛煉有益于健康”這一主題的認(rèn)識(shí)。
②提出建議,號(hào)召行動(dòng),表達(dá)決心或展望未來(lái)
結(jié)尾段還可以在總結(jié)全文要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)文中所提的暫時(shí)無(wú)法解決或尚無(wú)定論的問(wèn)題適當(dāng)引申,或提出建議,號(hào)召別人采取行動(dòng),或展望未來(lái)。這種方法可以啟發(fā)讀者思考并予以鼓舞,有助于增強(qiáng)文章的感染力。例如:
主題:Generation gap
In order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization should be established to help the young and the old to exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.
該段就怎樣彌補(bǔ)代溝方面提出一些建議。
、劢ㄗh與結(jié)論
文章的結(jié)尾常結(jié)合兩種寫法。有的先提出建議或解決辦法,再做結(jié)論。有的則先做出結(jié)論,再提出建議,例如:
主題:Shortage of natural resources(自然資源短缺)
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources.To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
該段首先進(jìn)行總結(jié):人類社會(huì)持續(xù)的發(fā)展證明,如果沒(méi)有自然資源,人口的繁衍、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展最終都是不可能的。作者接著建議,為了節(jié)約有限的資源,我們必須采取一些措施,正確處理人口與資源的關(guān)系。
、芴嵝炎x者事物的兩面性
文章的結(jié)尾還可以以轉(zhuǎn)折的形式,提醒讀者任何事物都有兩面性,從而認(rèn)識(shí)到其不足或負(fù)面的影響。例如:
主題:Solar Energy(太陽(yáng)能)
However, solar energy has its disadvantages.One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use.Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at night.But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
該段指出了太陽(yáng)能的兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn):一、太貴;二、太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)在陰雨天和晚上無(wú)法工作,從而讓人們更全面地了解太陽(yáng)能。值得注意的是,在指出某一事物的另一面時(shí),不能用太多筆墨,否則會(huì)喧賓奪主,淡化主題思想。
(4)巧妙運(yùn)用名言警句
名言警句的巧妙運(yùn)用不僅會(huì)使文章有一定的文采,論證更加有說(shuō)服力,更能顯示考生的英語(yǔ)功底。另外能夠適時(shí)引經(jīng)據(jù)典,必定會(huì)讓閱卷人眼前一亮。
1)開頭段:名言警句或俗語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)等作為文章的開頭,既文采斐然,又能突出中心。例如:
Just as the saying goes, “ so many people, so many minds”, it is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.
2)中間段:中間段主題句之后引用名言警句,有力證明論點(diǎn),起到錦上添花的效果。例如:
As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no weeds.Computers do play a positive role in the development of people’ lives, despite a slice of unfavorable impacts.We should ,therefore, take advantage of the fruits and avoid the opposite facet.
3)結(jié)尾段:用名言警句收尾,意在引申文章內(nèi)涵,充分表明考生自己的觀點(diǎn),極具說(shuō)服力,收到“言有盡而意無(wú)窮”的效果,起到了畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。例如:
Therefore, we should never underestimate our own ability but should believe in the proverb: “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Confidence is a must for success. |