2010年自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)閱讀輔導(dǎo)三

作者：不明　發(fā)布時(shí)間：2010-05-25 10:07:15　來(lái)源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)

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　　Improving Industrial efficiency through Robotics

　　Robots, becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.

　　Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames.

　　Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.
　　There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this new industry.

　　What makes a robot a robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next.

　　Automatic machine, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses; they are built to perform only one task.

　　The next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make critical decisions. Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots. With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials. One robot vision system used electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials.

　　When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers. The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values.

　　One scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255. The 0 is represented by black. The highest number is white. The numbers is between represent different shades of gray. The computer then makes the calculations and converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development.

　　Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products. To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts.

　　These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.

　　They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or in deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter. They will work as gas station attendants, firemen, housekeepers, and security personnel.

　　Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.

　　利用機(jī)器人技術(shù)提高工業(yè)效率

　　機(jī)器人在所有發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的工廠(chǎng)日益普及，它們被編程、設(shè)計(jì)，在無(wú)人情況下執(zhí)行工業(yè)任務(wù)�，F(xiàn)今大多數(shù)機(jī)器人用于汽車(chē)工業(yè)，人們對(duì)其編程，從事如汽車(chē)卡車(chē)車(chē)身焊接、噴漆之類(lèi)的工作。它們也裝卸汽車(chē)和卡車(chē)框架的機(jī)器中所有的熾熱、笨重的金屬鑄模。

　　機(jī)器人已經(jīng)在汽車(chē)行業(yè)接任了人類(lèi)工作，在其行業(yè)也開(kāi)始看到它們的身影，雖然使用程度低一些。在那里它們制造電動(dòng)馬達(dá)、小型設(shè)備、袖珍計(jì)算器，甚至手表。用于核電站的機(jī)器人處理輻射材料，使職員不暴露于輻射。這些機(jī)器人可以減少這一新型工業(yè)中與工作有關(guān)的傷害。

　　什么使機(jī)器變成機(jī)器人，而不是其他的自動(dòng)化機(jī)器呢？機(jī)器人與自動(dòng)化機(jī)器的區(qū)別在于完成一項(xiàng)特定工作后，它們可以被電腦重新編程去執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。

　　比如說(shuō)，一個(gè)機(jī)器人做了一個(gè)月的點(diǎn)焊，可以重新編程，下個(gè)月轉(zhuǎn)向噴漆。相反，自動(dòng)化機(jī)器卻沒(méi)有許多不同用途，它們只是為了招待一項(xiàng)任務(wù)而被建造。下一代機(jī)器人將能看見(jiàn)物體，具有觸覺(jué)，能作出關(guān)鍵性的決定。精通于微電子和電腦技術(shù)的工程師正在為機(jī)器人開(kāi)發(fā)人造視力，有了"看"的能力，機(jī)器人就能從一推不同的材料中鑒別檢查出具體的一類(lèi)物體。機(jī)器人禮堂系統(tǒng)采用包含多行感官材料的電子數(shù)碼相機(jī)。當(dāng)一個(gè)物體上的光，如機(jī)器零件，照射到相機(jī)上時(shí)，敏感材料就可測(cè)量出光的強(qiáng)度，把光線(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)換為一組數(shù)字。這些數(shù)字是灰度系統(tǒng)的一部分，其亮度由一系列數(shù)值測(cè)量。一個(gè)刻度范圍是0到15，另一個(gè)是0到 225。0用黑色表示，最高值用白色，其間的數(shù)值用不同的灰色陰影來(lái)表示。然后計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，并將數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換為表明該無(wú)題形象的圖像。現(xiàn)在還不知道有一天機(jī)器人是否具有人類(lèi)一樣的好視力。技術(shù)人員想信它們會(huì)的，只是需要多年的開(kāi)發(fā)。

　　在其他方面取得進(jìn)展的工程技術(shù)人員正在設(shè)計(jì)和試驗(yàn)新型金屬手臂和手指，使機(jī)器人具有觸覺(jué)。其他工程人員正在編寫(xiě)新的程序使機(jī)器人做出如是否拋棄成品中有缺陷的零件的決定。要做到這點(diǎn)，機(jī)器人還必須具有鑒別有缺陷零件的能力。

　　集觸覺(jué)、看和做決定的能力于一體的這些未來(lái)機(jī)器人將會(huì)做大量的工作。它們可以用于海底探礦或探測(cè)對(duì)人類(lèi)太危險(xiǎn)的深層區(qū)域的礦物。它們可以做加油站服務(wù)人員、消防人員、房屋　　Predicting Earthquakes

　　Can earthquakes be predicted? Scientists are working on programs to predict where and when an earthquake will occur. They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that lives can be saved.

　　Earthquakes are the most dangerous and deadly or all natural events. They occur in many parts of the world. Giant earthquakes have been recorded in Iran, China, Guatemala, Chile, India, and Alaska. Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska. These earthquakes measured about 8.5 on the Richter Scale.

　　The Richter Scale was devised by Charles Richter in 1935, and compares the energy level of earthquakes. An earthquake that measures a 2 on the scale can be felt but causes little damage. One that measures 4.5 on the scale can cause slight damage, and an earthquake that has a reading of over 7 can cause major damage. It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates an earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3. Scientists want to be able to predict those earthquakes that have a reading of over 4 on the Richter Scale.

　　How do earthquakes occur? Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of rocks along cracks, or faults, in the earth's crust. The fault is produced when rocks near each other are pulled in different directions. The best-known fault in North America is the San Andreas fault in the state of California in the United States.

　　The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China, Russia, and the United States. These countries have set up seismic networks in areas of their countries where earthquakes are known to occur. These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake. Many kinds of seismic instruments are used by the networks to monitor the movements of the earth's crust. The scientists also check water in deep wells. They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.

　　Scientists in China, Russia, and the United States measure radon in ground water. Radon is a gas that comes from the radioactive decay of radium in rocks. The gas flows through the ground and dissolves in underground streams and wells. Scientists speculate that the amount of radon increases in the ground when rocks layers shift, exposing new rock, and thus more radon.Chinese and Russian scientists have reported that in places where stress is building up, the radon levels of the water build up too. When the radon levels of the water subside and drop back to normal readings, an earthquake may occur. United States scientists have also placed radon monitoring stations in earthquake zones, particularly California. However, all the scientists agree that more data is necessary to prove that radon levels in water are associated with the possible birth of an earthquake.

　　Earthquake prediction is still a young science. Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability. Scientists have only a partial understanding of the physical processes that cause earthquakes. Much more research has to be done. New and more up to-date methods have to be found for collecting earthquake data and analyzing it. However, scientists have had some success in predicting earthquakes. Several small earthquakes were predicted in New York State, in the eastern part of the United States. Chinese scientists predicted a major one in Haicheng in 1975, and Russian scientists predicted a major one in Garm in 1978. While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.

　　預(yù)測(cè)地震

　　地震可以預(yù)報(bào)嗎？科學(xué)家們正致力于研究預(yù)報(bào)何時(shí)何地會(huì)發(fā)生地震的計(jì)劃，他們希望開(kāi)發(fā)一種早期報(bào)警系統(tǒng)用來(lái)預(yù)報(bào)地震，以挽救人們的生命。

　　地震是自然災(zāi)害中最危險(xiǎn)的最致命的，發(fā)生在世界許多地方。伊朗、中國(guó)、危地馬拉、智利、印度和阿拉斯加都有過(guò)大地震的記錄。有記載的最大兩次地震是發(fā)生在中國(guó)和阿拉斯加。這兩次地震經(jīng)測(cè)量約為里氏8.5級(jí)。里氏震級(jí)是1935年查爾斯·里克特發(fā)明的，用來(lái)比較地震的能量等級(jí)。里氏地震級(jí)測(cè)出的2 級(jí)地震可以感覺(jué)到，但幾乎沒(méi)什么破壞；測(cè)出的4.5級(jí)地震能夠造成輕微破壞，讀數(shù)超過(guò)7級(jí)的地震會(huì)帶來(lái)重大破壞。必須注意的是，讀數(shù)為4級(jí)的地震表明其強(qiáng)度是讀數(shù)為3級(jí)的10倍�？茖W(xué)家想預(yù)測(cè)那些讀數(shù)超過(guò)里氏4級(jí)的地震。

　　地震是怎么發(fā)生的呢？地震是由地殼中的裂縫，或稱(chēng)斷層處的巖石發(fā)生移位而引起的。當(dāng)鄰近巖石受到不同方向的拉力時(shí)便產(chǎn)生了斷層。北美洲最著名的斷層是位于美國(guó)加利福尼亞的圣安德烈亞斯斷層。積極參與地震預(yù)測(cè)計(jì)劃的國(guó)家包括日本、中國(guó)、俄羅斯和美國(guó)。這些國(guó)家在已知發(fā)生地震的地區(qū)建立了地震網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)一直處于戒備狀態(tài)，搜索著告警的跡象，這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發(fā)生的巖層松動(dòng)的狀況。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用多種地震儀器來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)地殼的運(yùn)動(dòng)�？茖W(xué)家還檢查深井里的水，觀(guān)察與斷層運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)的水位與溫度的變化。

　　中國(guó)、俄羅斯和美國(guó)的科學(xué)家測(cè)量地下水的氡含量。氡是來(lái)自巖石中鐳輻射衰變而產(chǎn)生的氣體。這種氣體溢出地面并溶解到地下溪流和井里�？茖W(xué)家推測(cè)當(dāng)巖層移位時(shí)，新巖石露出，產(chǎn)生更多的氮，這樣地層中的氡數(shù)量就增加了。中國(guó)和俄羅斯報(bào)告說(shuō)壓力增加的地方，水中氡的含量也會(huì)增加。當(dāng)水中氡的含量下降，回到正常讀數(shù)時(shí)，地震就可能發(fā)生。美國(guó)科學(xué)家也在地震區(qū)，特別是加利福尼亞，設(shè)置了檢測(cè)站。不過(guò)，所有的科學(xué)家都一致認(rèn)為，需要更多的資料才能證明水中氡的含量和可能發(fā)生的地震有關(guān)。

　　地震預(yù)測(cè)仍然是一門(mén)年輕的科學(xué)。人們都認(rèn)為地震不可能可靠地預(yù)測(cè)�？茖W(xué)家對(duì)引起地震的物理過(guò)程只是部分了解，還必須作更多的研究，必須找到新的和更先進(jìn)的方法收集地震數(shù)據(jù)并加以分析。不過(guò)，科學(xué)家已經(jīng)在地震預(yù)測(cè)方面取得了一些成功：美國(guó)東部紐約州的幾次小地震就已預(yù)測(cè)到了，1975年中國(guó)科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)到了海城大地震，1978年俄羅斯科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)了加爾姆大地震。雖然這只是個(gè)小小的起步，但畢竟是一個(gè)開(kāi)端管理員和安全人員的工作。任何想了解未來(lái)工業(yè)的人必須懂機(jī)器人。

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